Upgrading Bio-Oil Produced from Corn Cobs and Cedrela odorata via Catalytic Olefination and Esterification with 3,7-Dimethyloct-1-ene and Butanol

Table 2

Analysis of FT-IR spectra of the raw and activated biochar from corn cob.

S/N	CC biochar	Sulfonated CC	Band assignment
1	461.53		C-H bending
2		606.99	C-O-H bending
3	872.72		C-H out-of-plane bending of benzene derivatives
4		1032.16, 1174.45	S=O symmetrical stretching
5	1437.61	1381.81	In-plane O-H bending and C-O stretch of dimers
6	1602.61	1606.29	C=O stretching vibration for -COOH groups
7	1695.10		C=O stretching
8	2356.22	2352.94	C-H bending
9	2857.14, 2925.16	2857.14, 2929.97	C-H stretching
10	3436.33	3425.73	O-H symmetrical stretching (H-bonded)
11	3770.30		O-H stretching vibration of hydroxyl functional groups