Research Article
Upgrading Bio-Oil Produced from Corn Cobs and Cedrela odorata via Catalytic Olefination and Esterification with 3,7-Dimethyloct-1-ene and Butanol
Table 4
Properties of raw and upgraded bio-oil derived from CC and CO.
| | Parameters | CC bio-oil | CC upgraded bio-oil | CO bio-oil | CO upgraded bio-oil |
| | pH | 2.2 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 3.8 | | Viscosity (kg/m·s) (25°C) | 0.1183 | 0.0586 | 0.1174 | 0.0538 | | Density (kg/m3) | 1.30 | 0.818 | 1.29 | 0.806 | | Acid value (mg KOH/g) | 64.52 | 13.44 | 60.13 | 12.24 | | Flash point (°C) | 250 | 97.5 | 250 | 80.5 | | HHV (MJ/kg) | 11.20 | 32.80 | 10.10 | 30.90 | | Flammability | Low | High | Low | High | | Pour point (°C) | −4 | −12 | −4 | −18 | | Moisture content (%) | 30.6 | 7.4 | 32.4 | 8.1 | | Oxygen content (%) | 32.00 | 21.45 | 35.40 | 24.09 | | Odour | Irritating smell | Sweet smell | Irritating smell | Sweet smell |
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