Application of Raw and Modified Pomegranate Peel for Wastewater Treatment: A Literature Overview and Analysis

Table 2

Biosorption operating conditions of different pollutants from the literature by pomegranate peel biosorbent.

	Adsorbate		Qm (mg/g)	Isotherm study	Kinetic study	Thermodynamic study	ΔH (kJ/mol)	ΔS (J/mol.K)	References
1	Blue dye-106	PC1	42.59	Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Temkin, Harkins–Jura	Pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, Elovich, pseudo-first-order	Spontaneous and exothermic	−9.90	−25.7	[40]
		PC2	54.05				−1.24	−31.823
		PC3	58.14				−13.24	−33.395
2	Lead (II)	AC1	13.986	Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich	Pseudo-first, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, intraparticle diffusion	Not studied			[18]
		AC2	17.637
		AC3	17.953
		Raw	13.870
	Copper (II)	AC1	18.050	Freundlich, Temkin, Langmuir	Pseudo-first, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, intraparticle diffusion	Not studied
		AC2	19.193
		AC3	21.978
		Raw	1.3185
3	Chromium (VI)	MPGP	47.17	Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Freundlich, Tempin models	Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Freundlich, Temkin models	Not studied			[27]
		FMPGP	49.75
4	Cadmium (II)	FMPGP	18.52	Langmuir, Freundlich	Pseudo-first, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion	Spontaneous and endothermic	19.77	69.15	[36]
5	Remazol blue	PPAC	370.86	Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Sips, Vieth-Sladek, Brouers-Sotolongo Radke-Prausnitz	Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Avrami, and Elovich	Spontaneous and endothermic	30.88	54.46	[16]
6	2,4-dichloro-phenol	PPAC at 298	75.8	Langmuir	Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion	Spontaneous and endothermic	7.9	133.6	[44]
		PPAC at 318	96.2
7	Methylene blue	Raw at 303K	36.36	Langmuir, Freundlich	Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion	Spontaneous and exothermic	−11.87	−13.93	[24]
		Raw at 313K	28.74
		Raw at 323K	26.67
8	Nickel (II)	PPAC	52.2	Langmuir	Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion models	Spontaneous and endothermic	8.6	144.2	[31]
9	Copper (II)	Raw at 313K	30.12	Langmuir isotherm; Freundlich isotherm Temkin isotherm, Dubinin-Radushkevich	Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion	Spontaneous and endothermic	67.196	239	[17]
10	As (III)	Fe-CPW	50	Langmuir, Freundlich	Not studied	Not studied			[34]
11	Copper (II)	Raw at 293K	0.40661	Langmuir, Freundlich	Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order	Spontaneous and endothermic	25.84	113.8	[30]
		Raw at 303K	0.55021
12	Amaranth dye	PPAC	3.448	Langmuir, Freundlich	Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order	Spontaneous and endothermic	23.75	29.25	[41]
13	Iron (II)	PPAC	18.52	Langmuir, Freundlich	Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order	Spontaneous and endothermic	−1.08354	−1.48	[23]
14	Chromium (VI)	PGHC	35.2	Langmuir (1, 2, 3, 4), Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich	Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, intraparticle diffusion	Not studied			[28]
15	Nickel (II)	Raw	7.54	Langmuir, Freundlich	Not studied	Spontaneous and endothermic	31.244	115.148	[29]
	Cobalt (II)	Raw	8.98				38.548	148.541
16	Lead (II)	Raw	166.63	Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich	The Lagergren first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich kinetic, intraparticle diffusion	Spontaneous and endothermic	4.43	108.04	[21]
17	Acid blue 40	Raw	125.93	Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich	The Lagergren first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich kinetic, intraparticle diffusion	Spontaneous and endothermic	22.04	158.81	[21]
18	Lead (II)	HCL	113.25	Langmuir, Freundlich	Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order	Not studied			[33]
		H2SO4	121.23
		H3PO4	105.26
		Native	111.52
19	Nitrate	AC1	78.125	Langmuir, Freundlich	Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion	Not studied			[26]