Application of Raw and Modified Pomegranate Peel for Wastewater Treatment: A Literature Overview and Analysis

Table 3

Biosorption results of different pollutants from the literature by pomegranate peel biosorbent.

	Adsorbate		Treatment	Process variables				Adsorbent dosage (g/L)	References
				Contact time (min)	Initial concentration (mg/L)	T (°C)	pH
1	Blue dye-106	PC1	Carbonized for 1 hr 500°C in the absence of air	180	20	25	2	2.5	[40]
		PC2	Sample was soaked for 24 h in a mixture of phosphoric acid and zinc chloride (50wt\%) at a ratio 1 : 1 and then carbonized asPC1	180	20	25	2	2.5
		PC3	Sample was soaked for 24 h in a nitric acid solution (10wt. %) and then carbonized as PC1	180	20	25	2	2.5
2	Lead (II)	AC1	Carbonized 1 h at 500°C	180	20	25	5.8	2.5	[18]
	Copper (II)	AC2	Sample was soaked for 24 h in phosphoric acid and zinc chloride in a ratio of 1 : 1 and carbonized as AC1	180	50	25	5.8	2.5
		AC3	Sample was soaked for 24 h in nitric acid (10\% wt) and carbonized as AC1	180	50	25	5.8	2.5
3	Chromium (VI)	FMPGP	Pomegranate peel reacted with 8% formaldehyde solution at a ratio 1 : 5w/v, at 60°Cfor 4 h	100	10	20	2	2	[27]
4	Cadmium (II)	FMPGP	Pomegranate peel reacted with 8% formaldehyde solution at a ratio 1 : 5 w/v, at 60°Cfor 4 h	200	10	30	6	2	[36]
5	Remazol blue	PPAC	Carbonized at 700°C for 30 min under purified N2 flow, mixed with KOH pellets, and activated microwave oven with a frequency of 2.45 GHz	1440	50	30	2	1	[16]
6	2,4-dichlorophenol	PPAC	Carbonized at 600 ± 5°C for 1 h in the presence of air	600	0.65^1	25	5.5	10	[44]
7	Methylene blue	Raw		300	25	30	7	2	[24]
8	Nickel (II)	PPAC	Carbonized at 600 ± 5°C for 1 h in the presence of air	480	0.45^1	25	5.5	10	[31]
9	Copper (II)	Raw		120	20	30	5.8	3	[17]
10	Arsenic (III)	Fe-CPW	Sample was soaked with concentrated sulfuric acid(1 : 2, W/V ratio) for 24 hours at room temperature, 20 g of CPW was mixed with 500 mL of 1.5 × 10^−2 M anhydrous ferric chloride solution for 24 h		20	25	9	1	[34]
11	Copper (II)	Raw		1440	0.472^1	20	4.5	0.5	[30]
12	Amaranth dye	PPAC	Sample was soaked with concentrated H2SO4(2N) at room temperature for 2h	25	35	25	3	0.25	[41]
13	Iron (II)	PPAC	Carbonized at 500°Cfor 1h in the absence of air; the ash was removed by washing it with HCl solution (0.1 M) and distilled water	80	100	29	6	1	[23]
14	Chromium (VI)	PGHC	Sample was treated with a mixture of 98% H2SO4 and 1% NaHCO3 solution	180	150	25	1	6	[28]
15	Nickel (II)	Raw		60	10	30	6	3	[16]
	Cobalt (II)	Raw		60	10	30	6	3
16	Lead (II)	Raw		120	82.88	20	5.5	1	[21]
17	Acid Blue40	Raw		120	189.2	20	1.5	2	[21]
18	Lead (II)	HCL	Sample was treated with 0.1 N solution of HCl for 24 h at 30°C	1440	400	30	4.5	1	[33]
		H2SO4	Sample was treated with 0.1 N solution of H2SO4 for 24 h at 30°C
		H3PO4	Sample was treated with 0.1 N solution of H3PO4 for 24 h at 30°C
19	Nitrate	AC1	Chloride 1 M in a ratio of 1 : 1(V/V)for 24 h and then carbonized at 500°C for 1 h	200	100	25	7.2	2	[26]