Composting and Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste and Sewage Sludge for Campus Sustainability: A Review

Table 2

Sewage sludge and food waste composting of some higher education institutions.

Campus	Waste generated	Feedstock for composting	Composting methods	Compost characteristics	References
Sewage sludge
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana	NA	Sewage sludge: organic waste solid (food leftover, fruit waste, vegetable waste)	Open windrow pile	C/N: 9.1–10.2	[22]
			(Dimension: 1 m height × 1.5 m wide)	pH: 5.2–8.0
			(Manual turning)	OM (%): 46.7–56.7
				Ash (%): 43.3–57.0
				N (%): 2.7–3.5
				P (%): 0.7–1.7
				K (%):0.2–0.8
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India	150 kg	Sewage sludge, cattle manure, sawdust	Rotary drum composter	M/C (%): 43.2–55.2	[66]
			(550 L capacity, batch mode)	C/N: 8.5–11.9
			(Manual turning)	pH: 7.4–7.6
				OM (%): NA
				Ash (%): NA
				N (%): 1.5–2.1
				P (%): 3.2–4.4
				K (%):8.3–9.9
Food waste
Anna University, Chennai, India	350 kg/day	Food waste, yard waste, paper waste	In-vessel	MC: 49.8–63.1%	[67]
				C/N: 9.1–47.2
				pH: 6.1–7.6
				N: 0.4–2.9%
				P: 0.1–0.3%
				K: 0.1%
				GI: 45.0–120.0%
Kean University (KU) Union Campus, United States	125 kg/day	Food waste: wood chips	In-vessel	NA	[68]
V J Technological Institute, India	NA	Food waste, vegetable waste, fruit waste	In-vessel	MC: 32.2–33.4%	[69]
				C/N: 36.0–45.0
				pH: 6.5–7.5
				N: 0.9–1.0%
				P: 0.9–1.0%
				K: 0.7–0.9%
				GI: 71.1–81.7%
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Malaysia	25.5 kg/day for one cafeteria	Food waste, dry leaves	In-vessel	NA	[28]
University Malaya, Malaysia	200 kg/day	Food waste, yard waste	Aerated static pile	MC:29.54%	[70]
				pH:6.6
				N: 2.39%
				P: 2.82%
				K:0.21%
Virginia Military Institute (VMI)	378 kg/day	Food waste, bark leaves, paper	Aerated static pile	MC: 67.4–70.4%	[71]
				C/N: NA
				pH: NA
				N: NA
				P: NA
				K: NA
University of Nottingham, Malaysia	130 kg/day	Food waste, leaves	Windrow	C/N: 12	[30]
				pH: 7.3
				N: 2.62%
				P: 3.39%
				K: 0.58%
University of Minnesota, Morris (UMM)	NA	Food waste, food-spoiled paper	Windrow	NA	[72]
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana	NA	Food waste, sewage sludge, fruit waste, and vegetable waste	Windrow	MC: NA	[22]
				C/N: 9.4–11.6
				pH: NA
				N: 2.2–3.5%
				P: 0.5–1.7%
				K: 0.2–1.1%

MC: moisture content, C/N: carbon to nitrogen ratio, N: nitrogen, P: phosphorus, K: potassium, GI: germination index, and NA: not available.