Removal of Reactive Anionic Dyes from Binary Solutions by Adsorption onto Quaternized Kenaf Core Fiber

Idan, Intidhar Jabir; Jamil, Siti Nurul Ain Binti Md.; Abdullah, Luqman Chuah; Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9792657

International Journal of Chemical Engineering

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Conflicts of Interest References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 9792657 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9792657

Removal of Reactive Anionic Dyes from Binary Solutions by Adsorption onto Quaternized Kenaf Core Fiber

Intidhar Jabir Idan,^1,2Siti Nurul Ain Binti Md. Jamil,³Luqman Chuah Abdullah,^1,4and Thomas Shean Yaw Choong¹

Academic Editor: Subrata Mondal

Received04 Nov 2016

Revised02 Jan 2017

Accepted11 Jan 2017

Published08 Mar 2017

Abstract

The most challenging mission in wastewater treatment plants is the removal of anionic dyes, because they are water-soluble and produce very shining colours in the water. In this regard, kenaf core fiber (KCF) was chemically modified by the quaternized agent (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride to increase surface area and change the surface properties in order to improve the removing reactive anionic dyes from binary aqueous solution. The influencing operating factors like dye concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time were examined in a batch mode. The results indicate that the percentage of removal of Reactive Red-RB (RR-RB) and Reactive Black-5 (RB-5) dyes from binary solution was increased with increasing dyes concentrations and the maximum percentage of removal reached up to 98.4% and 99.9% for RR-RB and RB-5, respectively. Studies on effect of pH showed that the adsorption was not significantly influenced by pH. The equilibrium analyses explain that, in spite of the extended Langmuir model failure to describe the data in the binary system, it is better than the Jain and Snoeyink model in describing the adsorption behavior of binary dyes onto QKCF. Also, the pseudo-second-order model was better to represent the adsorption kinetics for RR-RB and RB-5 dyes on QKCF.

1. Introduction

Environmental pollution due to speedy development of industries causes harmful effect on human health and ecosystem. The textile dyeing industries have generated a massive pollution problem because it is considered one of the most industries which used a wide range of dyes in their production. Consequently, it is the most polluting water sources [1].

It is estimated that every year 280,000 tones of textile dyes are released in textile mill effluent [2], and unfortunately, all factories are still using water streams for discharging their effluent water. However, the necessity for the renewal of our water resources has received growing interest. This has led up to the evolution of strategies to the reversion of water to its source in the least possible pollution form, to enable using water again. These strategies and processes are termed as “wastewater treatment” [3].

Although the colour is not included in the Environment Conservation Rules which was published in 1997, it is an issue in dye effluent because, unlike other pollutants, it is so visible. Consequently, international textile industries are increasingly setting discharge standards for colour [4].

The use of commercial activated carbon for removing dyes is expensive as it is obtained from nonrenewable starting materials like lignite, coal, and petroleum coke. Therefore, aqueous phase adsorption by utilizing different types of agroresidues is one of the most alternatives materials for removing different types of dyes (including reactive dyes) from wastewater [5].

Agricultural biomass can be procured either directly from plant species or indirectly from a processing of domestic, commercial, industrial, or agricultural products. Around the world, an enormous amount of agricultural residues is producing every year. Disposal of these agricultural residues have generated a secondary environmental pollution. This increases the researchers’ interest to produce porous adsorbent which can be derived from renewable, abundant, and low-cost substances generated from an agricultural origin [6].

Many agricultural wastes and natural adsorbents have been tested for the removal of the dyes from textile effluents [7]. Lee et al. [8] studied the removal of Basic Blue-3 (BB3) and Reactive Orange-16 (RO16) dyes from single and binary systems using ethylenediamine modified rice hull. The results showed that the sorption of both dyes was pH and concentration-dependent. The uptake of BB3 was favored at high pH whereas that of RO16 was favored at low pH.

Oladipo et al. [9] studied the removal of Reactive Blue 2 and Eriochrome Black T dyes from single and binary solution by adsorption on chitosan-based hydrogel. It was observed that the maximum adsorption capacity for Reactive Blue 2 and Eriochrome Black T in binary solution was 47.8 and 58.9 mg/g, respectively. The recent reports in the removing reactive dyes from binary system are tabulated in Table 1.

However, limited studies have been reported to transform these agricultural residues to a suitable adsorbent for commercial application to remove dyes by using batch adsorption system [10].

In the present research, kenaf core fiber (KCF) residual was chemically modified with (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) to alter the surface properties and increase surface area to develop more active sites to capture dyes from solution.

To date, the utilization of quaternized kenaf core fiber (QKCF) to adsorb binary reactive dyes has not been reported elsewhere. In the present work, the mechanism of dyes adsorption onto QKCF was studied to provide engineering information (e.g., uptake capacities and equilibrium time) to develop an adsorption design. The constants parameters that were obtained from equilibrium data of single dye were utilized to predict the binary adsorption behavior of dyes.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Preparation Adsorbent from Kenaf Core Fibers

KCF was obtained from Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP) in Universiti Putra Malaysia. KCF coarse powder was sieved using 1 mm and 0.25 mm stainless steel sieves to get particles with size range from 0.25 mm to 1 mm. The sieved kenaf particles were washed a few times with tap water to get rid of dust and undesirable particles. The KCF powder was rinsed with distilled water and dried in an oven for 24 hours at 50°C.

The KCF was mercerized by soaking it in a solution of 6.25 mmol of NaOH for 24 hours. The basic medium swelled the fibers walls and opened the pores to improve KCF absorbency. Mercerized KCF (MKCF) was washed with distilled water and dried in an oven at 50°C for 24 hours.

The quaternization was accomplished by reacting each gram of dried MKCF with a solution consisting of 1.5 g of NaOH, 6.67 mL of (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) solution (60 wt% in water), and 2.5 mL of water. The mixture was well-kept in a closed container at room temperature for 24 hours. Then, the quaternized kenaf core fiber (QKCF) was washed with 0.1% acetic acid solution to halt the reaction and rinsed with distilled water until neutral condition was achieved. Then, QKCF was dried at 50°C for 24 hours and kept in a closed container prior to use.

Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer 100 (PerkinElmer- precisely, United Kingdom) was used to record Infrared (IR) spectra. FT-IR spectrum was used in this study to identify the characteristic functional groups in QKCF.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (Hitachi Model S-3400N) was used to investigate the structure morphologies of QKCF. The SEM was registered at a magnification of 100 μm and the instrument was turn on at 15 kV.

2.2. Preparation of Dyes Solution

Reactive Red-RB (RR-RB) and Reactive Black-5 (RB-5) dyes were utilized as adsorbates in the present study. The structures of these two dyes and the general properties of selected reactive dyes are presented in Figure 1 and Table 2, respectively. Stock solutions of 1000 mg/L of dyes were prepared, respectively, by dissolving 1.00 g of dye in 1 L distilled water. Solutions of various concentrations were prepared by diluting the stock solutions.

(a)

(b)

2.3. Single Adsorption Isotherm Studies

Adsorption isotherm for single-component solution was studied by using 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks. The volume of dye was 100 mL in each flask, and the initial dyes concentrations for single-component solution were 100 mg/L. The dosage of QKCF was varying from 0.05 to 0.16 g/100 mL. All flasks were fully closed using aluminum foil to prevent evaporation and leakage. The incubator shaker was set at 200 rpm, 25°C, and 24 hours. The liquid and adsorbents were separated by using fast filter paper. The change in dye concentration in each solution was determined using a spectrophotometer UV-1800 (Shimadzu, Japan). The concentration of each dye was measured at maximum wavelength () 288 nm and 599 nm for the RR-RB and RB-5, respectively. The adsorption capacity at equilibrium condition, (mg/g) was calculated using (1) and a dye removal percentage was calculated by using (2).where and represent the initial and final dye concentrations (mg/L), respectively, represents the weight of QKCF (g), and refers to the volume of dye solution () [18].

2.4. Binary Adsorption Studies

In binary systems, the ratio of mixing for each sample was 1 : 1, which mean that every 100 mL of dyes solution was prepared by mixed 50 mL of RR-RB dye with 50 mL of RB-5 dye. The concentration of each dye was changed depending on the experiments.

To investigate the influence of dye concentration on the removal efficiency of RR-RB in the presence of RB-5 dye, a varying concentration of RR-RB range from 25–100 mg/L was mixed with a fixed concentration of RB-5 (25 mg/L or 100 mg/L). In order to investigate the effects of dye concentration on the removal efficiency of RB-5 in the presence of RR-RB dye, a varying concentration of RB-5 range from 25–100 mg/L was mixed with a fixed concentration of RR-RB (25 mg/L or 100 mg/L). For all the experiments, three different pH (4, 6, and 8) were used and 0.1 g of QKCF dosage was added to each flask.

To investigation the effects of initial dye concentration, the two dyes were mixed with an equal concentration range from 20–200 mg/L. One g/L QKCF was added to each flask.

The study of the effect of adsorbent dosage was carried out at different weight of QKCF ranging from 0.05 to 0.25 g/100 mL while the concentrations of dyes in multicomponent are ranging from 25 to 100 mg/L.

Adsorption isotherm for a multicomponent solution was studied by using the same procedure flowed in single component and the dye concentration in multicomponent was kept constant at 100 mg/L.

The study of the effect of contact time was achieved by varying the dye concentrations in multicomponent from 20 to 100 mg/L. The samples were withdrawn at increasing contact time intervals ranging from 15 min to 180 min. From this study, the kinetics of adsorption was determined.

2.5. Measurement of Dye Concentration in Multicomponent Solution

UV-spectrophotometer method is the common procedure for determination of the dye concentration in their mixture. To achieve that, linear relation between absorbance () and concentration of dye () (mg/L) which was given by Beer-Lambert law in (3) was applied [19].where is absorbance of light at a maximum wave length (); is the absorbance coefficient (slope of linear relation); is the concentration of dye in solution (mg/L); is the intercept of a linear relation.For binary system, the total absorbance at will be the sum of absorbance of the individual components and , which can be written as Similarly, for that was measured at it can be written asThe combination of above equations results in (6) and (7), respectively. Equations (6) and (7) provide the values for the concentration of each component, CR (RR-RB) and CB (RB-5).where represent the calibration constants for dyes RR-RB and RB-5 at wavelengths 288 nm and 599 nm, respectively.

Therefore, to calculate the dye concentrations of each dye in binary solution, four calibration curves were built to determine four calibration coefficients using pure standards dyes of RR-RB and RB-5 of known concentration as illustrated in Figure 2. As shown in Figure 2, the calibration constants for RR-RB and RB-5 areSo, the concentrations of RR-RB and RB-5 dyes were calculated depending on

(a)

(b)

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization of Adsorbent

The FT-IR spectra of NKCF and QKCF are shown in Figure 3. QKCF has absorption bands at 2878 cm⁻¹ and 2341 cm⁻¹ which correspond to the stretching vibrations of O-H and stretching of C-H, respectively. The absorption bands at 1783 cm⁻¹, 1654 cm⁻¹, and 1592 cm⁻¹ on QKCF spectrum are assigned to aromatic C=C stretch [20]. Furthermore, peaks at 1474 cm⁻¹ and 1419 cm⁻¹ that are assigned to C-H stretching of tert-butyl group are an evidence of successful reaction between quaternary ammonia and QKCF. C-O stretch mode in C-O-C cellulose linkage appeared at 1059 cm⁻¹ and 1062 cm⁻¹ for NKCF and QKCF, respectively. The bands at QKCF and NKCF from 787 cm⁻¹ to 706 cm⁻¹ are assigned to CH₂ rocking.

SEM is a primary tool for characterizing the surface morphology and fundamental physical properties of the adsorbent surface. The textural structures of granular natural KCF (NKCF), mercerized KCF (MKCF), and quaternized KCF (QKCF) were observed by SEM images (Figure 4). Figure 4(c) shows that the enlargement pores had turned into crevices and reveal native cellulose and more native cellulose; thus the previously unreachable interior part of the fiber was able to react with dye [21]. Furthermore, larger pores are more suitable for adsorption of bulky substrates such as reactive dyes [22].

(a)

(b)

(c)

BET analysis revealed that the surface area (SBET) increased from 2 m²/g for NKCF to 4 m²/g for QKCF. The average pore diameter of NKCF is 106 nm, and QKCF has an average pore diameter of 283 nm. Enlargement of the pore size is due to the dissolved lignin and hemicellulose in NaOH solution during the mercerization process. Furthermore, pore volume slightly decreased from 0.1699 cm³/g for NKCF to 0.1128 cm³/g for QKCF. It is attributed to the smoother texture of KCF surface after chemical quaternization.

3.2. Effect of Initial Dye Concentration

Figures 5(a) and 5(b) show the effect of initial RR-RB dye concentrations on the removal percentages of RR-RB dye onto QKCF while maintaining the concentration of RB-5 dye concentrations at 25 mg/L (Figure 5(a)) and 100 mg/L (Figure 5(b)), respectively. The pH of the adsorption systems were adjusted to pH 4, 6, and 8 to investigate the effect of pH on the removal percentages of RR-RB dye by QKCF adsorbent.

(a)

(b)

RR-RB dye removals were increased from 93% of removal up to 98% of removal as the initial RR-RB dye concentrations were increased from 25 mg/L up to 100 mg/L (Figure 5(a)). On the other hand, Figure 5(b) shows that the RR-RB dye removals were increased from 91.5% of removal up to 97.5% of removal as the concentrations of RR-RB dye were increased from 25 mg/L to 100 mg/L. In addition, Figure 5 revealed that the removal percentages of RR-BB were almost similar although the initial concentrations of RB-5 were adjusted from 25 mg/L (Figure 5(a)) to 100 mg/L (Figure 5(b)).

Figures 6(a) and 6(b) show the effect of initial RB-5 dye concentrations to the removal percentages of RB-5 dye onto QKCF while fixing the concentration of RR-RB dye concentrations at 25 mg/L (Figure 6(a)) and 100 mg/L (Figure 6(b)), respectively. The pH of the adsorption systems were adjusted to pH 4, 6, and 8 to investigate the effect of pH on the removal percentages of RB-5 dye by QKCF adsorbent. Figure 6(b) shows that RB-5 dye removals were increased from 98.5% to 99.5% as the initial RB-5 dye concentrations were increased from 25 mg/L up to 100 mg/L. On the other hand, Figure 6(b) shows that the RB-5 dye removals were fixed around 99.5% as the concentrations of RB-5 dye were increased from 25 mg/L up to 100 mg/L. In addition, Figure 6 revealed that the removal percentages of RB-5 were almost similar although the initial concentrations of RR-RB were adjusted from 25 mg/L (Figure 6(a)) to 100 mg/L (Figure 6(b)).

(a)

(b)

The variation of pH (pH 4, 6, and 8) in adsorption system for both cases (Figures 5 and 6) resulted in identical trend of dyes removal. This indicates that the adsorption of reactive dyes onto QKCF is not influenced by the pH of the adsorption system.

In RR-RB and RB-5 binary dye systems, RB-5 generally presented preferable adsorption on QKCF (Figure 7). A higher concentration of both dyes in solution would result in further dyes adsorption on the QKCF due to the fact that increase in the initial dye concentrations causes increase in the driving force to overcome the resistance of the mass transfer of dye between the solution and the adsorbent surface [23].

3.3. Effect of Adsorbent Dosage

The percentage of removals of RR-RB and RB-5 in a binary system is shown in Figure 8. Generally, in all cases (Figures 8(a), 8(b), 8(c), and 8(d), resp.) the removal percentage of RR-RB dyes was decreased as the doses of adsorbent were increased from 0.05 mg/100 mL up to 0.25 mg/100 mL. This might be due to the less availability of RR-RB and RB-5 dyes to be adsorbed by the increasing active sites of adsorbent.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3.4. Effect of Contact Time

Figure 9 shows the effect of contact time on the removal of RR-RB in the presence of RB-5 in binary system. It was shown that, at various concentrations of dyes (20 mg/L up to 100 mg/L), the RR-RB dye was rapidly adsorbed in the first 60 min of contact time and reached equilibrium at ~100 min of contact time. Similar trend was revealed in the case of binary system for the removal of RB-5 dye in the presence of RR-RB dye (Figure 10). The rapid adsorption at the initial 60 min of contact time might be due to the adsorption by the outer surface of the adsorbent. As the active sites of an exterior layer of the adsorbent have been fully saturated, the dyes were exerted into the pores of the adsorbent and occupied the interior layer of the adsorbent. The adsorption onto the active sites at the interior layer took a longer time to be completed before equilibrium was achieved [24]. In addition, as shown in Figures 9 and 10, the maximum dye removals were achieved as the concentrations of dyes were maximum (100 mg/L) in both cases. Meanwhile, the minimum dyes removals were obtained as the concentrations of dyes were minimum (20 mg/L) in both binary systems. This might be due to the fact that increase in initial dye concentration enhances the interaction between dye and adsorbent [25].

3.5. Adsorption Isotherms for Single System

Adsorption isotherms are basic requirements for any adsorption systems design. To quantify the adsorption capacity of adsorbents for the removal of adsorbate from aqueous solution, the equilibrium of a solute separated between liquid and solid phase is demonstrated by different models of adsorption isotherms. One of these adsorption isotherms is Langmuir isotherm model. The applicability of the isotherm equations was a comparison by referring to the correlation coefficient, [26]. Langmuir model is characterized by the conditions that each site can take in only one molecule and adsorption energy is the same at all sites. In addition, the adsorbed molecules cannot move across the surface or react with neighboring molecules [27]. This model is given by (10) and the linearization form of Langmuir’s model is given by (11) [28].where is the amount of adsorbate dye per unit mass of adsorbent weight of QKCF at equilibrium (mg/g), (mg/g) is a constant related to the area occupied by a monolayer of adsorbate, reflecting the maximum adsorption capacity, (L/mg) is a direct measure of the intensity of the sorption, and is the equilibrium concentration in the solution (mg/L). A plot of versus results in a straight line of slope () and an intercept of .

The equilibrium adsorption isotherms for RR-RB and RB-5 dyes adsorption onto QKCF are shown in Figures 11 and 12, respectively, and the isotherms parameters are calculated and presented in Table 3.

3.6. Adsorption Isotherms for Binary System

The equilibrium adsorption isotherms parameters for RR-RB and RB-5 dyes adsorption onto QKCF in binary experimental system are shown in Table 4. As can be observed from Table 4, the maximum adsorption capacity () for binary dye solutions was found to be smaller than in single solution. This can be explained by the fact of competition and interaction between two dyes in binary system.

3.6.1. Extended Langmuir Equation (ELE)

The Langmuir model can be extended for binary system dye to give (12). This model was first developed by Butler and Ockrent [29]; they assumed that all the sites are equivalent, each site can hold at most one molecule of dye 1 or one molecule of dye 2 but not both, and there are no interactions between adsorbate molecules on adjacent sites.For binary system the above equation becomeswhere and are the amounts of dyes 1 and 2 adsorbed per unit weight of sorbent at equilibrium concentrations of dyes and in a binary solution, respectively. and are the maximum adsorption capacities from the Langmuir isotherm of dyes 1 and 2 in single dyes system. are the Langmuir isotherm constants for single dyes systems.

Consequently, for the binary system of RR-RB and RB-5 dyes the extended Langmuir equation (after replacing the values of a parameter from Table 3) will become

To evaluate the best fitted isotherm model, the sum of the squares of the errors (SSE), (17) was used to calculate the divergence of each isotherm model from experimental data [30].

Figures 13 and 14 show the extended Langmuir equation applicable for the adsorption of RB-5 and RR-RB in the binary system. The sum of the squares errors for the correlation between the experimental data and that predicted by the extended Langmuir isotherm for RB-5 and RR-RB in binary system are 6386 and 1425, respectively. Moreover there are significant differences between calculated and experimental data which were observed, which indicate that extended Langmuir equation failed to explain the adsorption of the binary mixture of RR-RB and RB-5 dyes on the QKCF adsorbent. The failure of the model suggested that the binary adsorption might be competitive.

3.6.2. Jain and Snoeyink Modified (JSM) Extended Langmuir Model

According to Jain and Snoeyink [31], the Langmuir theory for binary adsorbed system is based on sorption without competition. Therefore, in order to compute for competition in the Langmuir theory, the Jain and Snoeyink model offered to add an additional term into (13) to become (18).The first term on the right-side of (18) is the Langmuir expression for the number of molecules of dye 1 that sorb without competition on the surface area of the adsorbent and the term is proportional to (), where , while the second term gives the amount of dye 1 adsorbed in competition with a second dye.

Figures 15 and 16 indicate the comparison between experimental data and predicted data by the Jain and Snoeyink modified extended Langmuir model. Figure 15 refers to disagreement between the model prediction and the experimental data with a sum of the squares errors equal to 14235 for RB-5, which is higher than that obtained from extended Langmuir equation. On the other hand, the sum of the squared errors between the prediction data and experimental data for RR-RB was 1425.

Overall, although the extended Langmuir model was failed to describe the data in the binary system, it is better to represent the binary system than the Jain and Snoeyink modified extended Langmuir model.

3.7. Adsorption Kinetics Models for Dyes in Binary System

Kinetics adsorption study provides information about the mechanism of adsorption and also important for the qualification of the adsorption process [32]. It is important to define the average of adsorption during removing dyes from aqueous solution to optimize the design parameters because the kinetics of the system controls the adsorbate residence time and reactor dimensions. As a result, predicting the rate at which adsorption takes a place for any system is may be the most important factor in adsorption system design [33].

In order to analysis the experimental data for adsorption kinetics of RB-5 and RR-RB onto QKCF, the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were utilized. Equation (20) was used to describe the linear form of the pseudo-first-order model [34]. where and are the amounts of dye adsorbed on adsorbent at equilibrium and at time , respectively (mg/g), is the contact time (min), and is the rate constant of pseudo-first-order model (1/min).

The values of constant and calculated were obtained from the slope and intercept, respectively, of plots versus time () as shown in Figures 17 and 18. The parameters and correlation coefficient () of pseudo-first-order kinetic model were listed in Table 5. It clear from Table 5 that the calculated values for two dyes and for all concentration did not agree with experimental values; thus the pseudo-first-order model did not fit well for the experimental data. In recent years, the pseudo-second-order model has been widely used to descript the adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions. Pseudo-second-order model (21) had been achieved by plotting versus time () [35]. where (mg/g) is the equilibrium adsorption capacity and (mg/g min) is the equilibrium rate constant of pseudo-second-order adsorption.

The values of and calculated can be fined from the slope and intercept of a plot of versus time () as shown in Figures 19 and 20. The parameters and correlation coefficient () of pseudo-second-order kinetic model were listed in Table 5. From Table 5, it can be seen that the correlation coefficients are ranging from 0.9999 to 1 and the calculated values are in agreement with experimental values. This indicates that the pseudo-second-order model provided the best correlation with experimental data. Hence, the adsorption kinetic of RB-5 and RR-RB on QKCF occurred by chemisorption and internal diffusion mechanism based on the assumption in the pseudo-second-order kinetic model [36].

4. Conclusions

The results of adsorption RR-RB and RB-5 dyes in binary system showed that QKCF can be effectively used as a bioadsorbent for the removal of anionic dyes. The QKCF bioadsorbent shows high sorption capacities toward RR-RB and RB-5. The kinetic studies stated that the adsorption kinetics of dyes on QKCF followed the pseudo-second-order model at different dye concentrations. According to the present study, one could conclude that the QKCF is an effective adsorbent for anionic dyes removal from coloured textile wastewater.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

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Copyright © 2017 Intidhar Jabir Idan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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