Impinging streams (IS) are classified into gas-continuous and liquid-continuous ones (GIS and LIS). Large number of experimental data has shown GIS promotes transfer very efficiently; while it has the intrinsic faultiness of very short residence time, and its flow configuration is relatively complex, resulting in difficulty in arranging multistage process. Essentially, GIS is applicable only for rapid processes controlled by gas film diffusion. The effect of LIS enhancing transfer is negligible; while it has the features of efficient micromixing and strong pressure fluctuation both which are resulted from the intensive interaction between the opposing streams and can promote process kinetics. All the features of IS, including GIS and LIS, have great potential of application. Reviewing the results of number investigations, mostly worked by the authors, a somewhat detailed introduction to the features of IS and several cases of its successful applications, such as wet FGD, preparation of ultrafine or nano powders, successful industrial application of large scale LIS reactors and crystallizers, etc, are described.

Yuan Wu

Yuxin Zhou

Jia Guo

Jun Yuan

Features of Impinging Streams Intensifying Processes and Their Applications

The influence of the addition of very effective superplasticizers, that are commercially available, employed for maximising the solid loading of very high-strength Portland cement pastes, has been investigated. Cement pastes were prepared from deionized water and a commercially manufactured Portland cement (Ultracem 52.5&#x02009;R). Cement and water were mixed with a vane stirrer according to ASTM Standard C305. The 0.38 to 0.44 water/cement ratio range was investigated. Three commercial superplasticizing agents produced by Ruredil S.p.a. were used. They are based on a melamine resin (Fluiment 33&#x02009;M), on a modified lignosulphonate (Concretan 200&#x02009;L), and on a modified polyacrylate (Ergomix 1000). Rheological tests were performed at 25<sup>&#x000B0;</sup>C by using the rate controlled coaxial cylinder viscometer Rotovisko-Haake 20, system M5-osc., measuring device MV2P with serrated surfaces. The tests were carried out under continuous flow conditions. The results of this study were compared with those obtained in a previous article for an ordinary Portland cement paste.

Adriano Papo

Luciano Piani

Riccardo Ricceri

Rheological Properties of Very High-Strength Portland Cement Pastes: Influence of Very Effective Superplasticizers

Spherical LiFeP<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt;width:19.1625px;" id="M2" height="15.5125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 19.1625 15.5125" width="19.1625"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.763,15.45)"><use xlink:href="#x34"/></g>

		
	
</svg>/C powders were successfully produced at a rate of 100&#x2009;g/h using a large type spray pyrolysis apparatus. Organic compounds such as citric acid and sucrose were used as carbon sources. Scanning electron microscopy observation showed that they had a spherical morphology with nonaggregation. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the olivine phase was obtained by heating at <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20473pt;width:40.950001px;" id="M3" height="13.1875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 40.950001 13.1875" width="40.950001"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg> under argon (95&#x25;)/hydrogen (5&#x25;) atmosphere. The chemical composition of LiFeP<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt;width:19.1625px;" id="M4" height="15.5125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 19.1625 15.5125" width="19.1625"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.763,15.45)"><use xlink:href="#x34"/></g>

		
	
</svg>/C powders was in good agreement with that of the starting solution. Electrochemical measurement revealed that the use of citric acid was most effective in ensuring a high rechargeable capacity and cycle stability. The rechargeable capacity of the LiFeP<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt;width:19.1625px;" id="M5" height="15.5125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 19.1625 15.5125" width="19.1625"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x4F"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.763,15.45)"><use xlink:href="#x34"/></g>

		
	
</svg>/C cathode obtained using citric acid was 155&#x2009;mAh/g at a discharge rate of 1&#x2009;C. Because of the good discharge capacity of the LiFeP<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt;width:19.1625px;" id="M6" height="15.5125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 19.1625 15.5125" width="19.1625"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x4F"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.763,15.45)"><use xlink:href="#x34"/></g>

		
	
</svg>/C cathode, it exhibited excellent cycle stability after 100 cycles at each discharge rate. Moreover, this high cycle stability of the LiFeP<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt;width:19.1625px;" id="M7" height="15.5125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 19.1625 15.5125" width="19.1625"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x4F"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.763,15.45)"><use xlink:href="#x34"/></g>

		
	
</svg>/C cathode was maintained even at <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20473pt;width:32.787498px;" id="M8" height="13.1875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 32.787498 13.1875" width="32.787498"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>.

Shinsuke Akao

Motofumi Yamada

Takayuki Kodera

Takashi Ogihara

Mass Production of LiFeP<svg style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt" height="15.5125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 19.1625 15.5125" width="19.1625" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><path id="x4F" d="M381 665q131 0 226.5 -93t95.5 -239q0 -158 -96 -253t-238 -95q-137 0 -231 95t-94 238q0 142 92.5 244.5t244.5 102.5zM359 629q-89 0 -151 -74.5t-62 -208.5q0 -141 69 -233t175 -92q90 0 150.5 74t60.5 211q0 152 -69 237.5t-173 85.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.763,15.45)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g></svg> /C Powders by Large Type Spray Pyrolysis Apparatus and Its Application to Cathode for Lithium Ion Battery

This paper deals with the assessment of the performance of reverse osmosis membranes type (TFC-Koch) model (8822XR-365) which are used in water desalination unit in Hartha power plant, one of the electrical power plant in the south Iraq. This unit has a capacity of 100&#x2009;<svg style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:30.5375px;" id="M1" height="13.9875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 30.5375 13.9875" width="30.5375"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> withdraws water from Shat Al-Arab River as a raw water having total dissolved solid (TDS) <svg style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:46.424999px;" id="M2" height="11.0625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 46.424999 11.0625" width="46.424999"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>&#x2009;ppm, and consists of two stages with total recovery and salt rejection of about 60&#x25; and 95&#x25;, respectively. The first array contains twelve vessels and the second six vessels. Each vessel contains six elements, 8 inches in diameter and 40 inches in length. The performance of the reverse osmosis (RO) membranes is based on surveying the chemical analysis of different ions present in water for both permeate and rejected streams from the unit log book, and only those readings where the overall recovery was 60&#x25; were selected. The results depicted that the reduction of membrane efficiency is attributed to the membrane blockage due to scaling and fouling. Under high fouling conditions the permeate flow rate is reduced and accordingly a high feed pressure is required to produce the design flow rate of permeate or percent recovery. A simulation of the behavior of RO membranes was conducted using standard Saehane software and compared with predicted model that was developed by the same authors. The results revealed that the reduction in water flow in both elements one and two in each vessel in the first array is attributed to the high permeate water flux through these two elements beyond the operation limits. Accordingly it is necessary to replace these two elements or change their position relative to other elements periodically.

Ala&#39;a Abdulrazaq Jassim

Assessment of the Performance of Membranes Type Koch in Hartha Power Plant

Multiscale wavelet-based representation of data has been shown to be a powerful tool in feature extraction from practical process data. In this paper, this characteristic of multiscale representation is utilized to improve the prediction accuracy of some of the latent variable regression models, such as Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares (PLS), by developing a multiscale latent variable regression (MSLVR) modeling algorithm. The idea is to decompose the input-output data at multiple scales using wavelet and scaling functions, construct multiple latent variable regression models at multiple scales using the scaled signal approximations of the data and then using cross-validation, and select among all MSLVR models the model which best describes the process. The main advantage of the MSLVR modeling algorithm is that it inherently accounts for the presence of measurement noise in the data by the application of the low-pass filters used in multiscale decomposition, which in turn improves the model robustness to measurement noise and enhances its prediction accuracy. The advantages of the developed MSLVR modeling algorithm are demonstrated using a simulated inferential model which predicts the distillate composition from measurements of some of the trays' temperatures.

Mohamed N. Nounou

Hazem N. Nounou

Multiscale Latent Variable Regression

A systematic study was made on the synthesis of nanocalcite using a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. The effects of various parameters such as diameter and geometry of orifice, <svg style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt;width:30.575001px;" id="M1" height="15.5125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 30.575001 15.5125" width="30.575001" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><path id="x43" d="M614 175l29 -10q-33 -109 -57 -154q-121 -26 -184 -26q-90 0 -160.5 29t-112.5 77t-63.5 105.5t-21.5 119.5q0 157 108 253t277 96q36 0 71.5 -5t69 -13.5t36.5 -8.5q15 -102 20 -150l-29 -8q-20 79 -66.5 114t-128.5 35q-119 0 -187.5 -86t-68.5 -207&#xA;q0 -140 73.5 -227.5t188.5 -87.5q73 0 119.5 37.5t86.5 116.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,11.469,11.363)"><path id="x4F" d="M381 665q131 0 226.5 -93t95.5 -239q0 -158 -96 -253t-238 -95q-137 0 -231 95t-94 238q0 142 92.5 244.5t244.5 102.5zM359 629q-89 0 -151 -74.5t-62 -208.5q0 -141 69 -233t175 -92q90 0 150.5 74t60.5 211q0 152 -69 237.5t-173 85.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,24.188,15.45)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g></svg> flow rate, and <svg style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt;width:62.712502px;" id="M2" height="16.275" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 62.712502 16.275" width="62.712502" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.137)"><use xlink:href="#x43" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,11.503,12.137)"><path id="x61" d="M433 39l-85 -51q-27 0 -47 20q-16 16 -24 44q-5 -3 -24 -16.5t-27 -18.5t-23 -13.5t-25 -12t-19 -3.5q-52 0 -86 36.5t-34 85.5q0 71 81 99q128 43 155 65v17q0 54 -23 83.5t-62 29.5q-28 0 -45 -19t-29 -66q-7 -23 -29 -23q-15 0 -29 13t-14 30t31 40q25 19 68.5 40.5&#xA;t81.5 29.5q49 0 82 -27q45 -39 45 -123v-185q0 -60 35 -60q18 0 36 11zM275 84v156q-12 -6 -49 -23t-41 -19q-31 -14 -46 -31t-15 -43q0 -35 22.5 -55.5t48.5 -20.5q19 0 42 10.5t38 25.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,18.965,12.137)"><path id="x28" d="M300 -147l-18 -23q-106 71 -159 185.5t-53 254.5v1q0 139 53 252.5t159 186.5l18 -24q-74 -62 -115.5 -173.5t-41.5 -242.5q0 -130 41.5 -242.5t115.5 -174.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,24.847,12.137)"><use xlink:href="#x4F" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,37.409,12.137)"><path id="x48" d="M729 650v-28q-62 -5 -76 -19.5t-14 -75.5v-404q0 -62 13.5 -76t75.5 -19v-28h-268v28q65 5 79.5 19t14.5 76v199h-341v-199q0 -62 14 -76t76 -19v-28h-263v28q61 5 74.5 19t13.5 76v404q0 62 -14 76t-76 19v28h259v-28q-58 -5 -71 -19t-13 -76v-162h341v162&#xA;q0 61 -13.5 75.5t-72.5 19.5v28h261z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.43,12.137)"><path id="x29" d="M275 270q0 -296 -211 -440l-19 23q75 62 116.5 174t41.5 243t-42 243t-116 173l19 24q211 -144 211 -440z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,56.312,16.212)"><use xlink:href="#x32" /></g></svg> concentration were investigated. It was observed that the orifice diameter and its geometry had significant effect on the carbonation process. The reaction rate was significantly faster than that observed in a conventional carbonation process. The particle size was significantly affected by the reactor geometry. The results showed that  an orifice with 5 holes of 1 mm size resulted in the particle size reduction to 37 nm. The experimental investigation reveals that hydrodynamic cavitation may be more energy efficient.

Shirish H. Sonawane

Sarang P. Gumfekar

Kunal H. Kate

Satish P. Meshram

Kshitij J. Kunte

Laxminarayan Ramjee

Candrashekhar M. Mahajan

Madan G. Parande

Muthupandian Ashokkumar

Hydrodynamic Cavitation-Assisted Synthesis of Nanocalcite

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<p><em>International Journal of Chemical Engineering</em> publishes research focused on technologies for the production, processing, transportation and use of chemicals on an industrial scale.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Evangelos Tsotsas, holds the Chair of Thermal Process Engineering at Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg (Germany) since 1994. The main focus of his work is on drying, and on particle formulation processes related to drying, such as spray fluidized bed agglomeration.</p>


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International Journal of Chemical Engineering - Table of contents 2010

International Journal of Chemical Engineering | Hindawi

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International Journal of Chemical Engineering publishes research focused on technologies for the production, processing, transportation and use of chemicals on an industrial scale.

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International Journal of Chemical Engineering

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International Journal of Chemical Engineering