Usability Assessments for Augmented Reality Motor Rehabilitation Solutions: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Selected articles, ordered by QualSyst score, from the first to the 16th.

nº	Title	Author	Evaluation Type	Evaluation Approach	Method used	Subjects	Body part and Movements used to control application	Type of pathologies	QualSyst Quantitative
1	Visual manipulations for motor rehabilitation	Regenbrecht, Holger	perception and cognition; UX	subjective measures; qualitative analysis; informal evaluations	task execution; questionnaire	(A) 24 participants; (B) 29 participants; (C) 43 participants	treatment of upper limb impairments	stroke	97.92%
2	Out of reach? - A novel AR interface approach for motor rehabilitation	Regenbrecht, Holger	UX	subjective measures	questionnaire; interview; observation	43 non-clinical participants	Hand and finger	stroke	95.83%
3	Humans Can Integrate Augmented Reality Feedback in Their Sensorimotor Control of a Robotic Hand	Clemente, Francesco	task performance	objective measures	task execution; performance analysis	8 participants	hand, arm	prostheses users	91.67%
4	AR-based serious game framework for post-stroke rehabilitation	Hossain, M. Shamim	task performance	objective measures	task execution; performance analysis; questionnaire	11 patients	Motor function of the upper extremity of stroke patients.	Stroke and Guillain–Barré syndrome	91.67%
5	Effect of a mixed reality-based intervention on arm, hand, and finger function on chronic stroke	Colomer, Carolina	task performance; UX	objective and subjective measures	task execution; performance analysis	30 patients	upper limb; flexion and extension of the elbow, wrist, and fingers	stroke	89.58%
6	MirrARbilitation: A clinically-related gesture recognition interactive tool for an AR rehabilitation system	Da Gama, Alana Elza Fontes	task performance; UX	objective and subjective measures	performance analysis; questionnaire	33 users (11 patients, 11 physiotherapists, and 11 software developers)	shoulder abduction movement	Stroke and Mastectomy	89.58%
7	Touch and hand gesture-based interactions for directly manipulating 3D virtual objects in mobile augmented reality	Kim, Minseok	task performance; UX	objective and subjective measures	task execution; performance analysis; questionnaire	20 participants	Hands, fingers	Was not informed	88.64%
8	Fractal Fluctuations in Human Walking: Comparison Between Auditory and Visually Guided Stepping	Terrier, Philippe	task performance	objective measures	task execution; performance analysis	36 healthy individuals	Human walking; the muscles of the lower limbs	Fractal fluctuations in human locomotion	87.50%
9	Augmented reality in occupational therapy	Dionisio Correa, A.G.	UX	subjective measures	questionnaire	16 patients and 2 therapists.	upper limb rehabilitation	Muscular Dystrophy	82.21%
10	Computerized Mirror Therapy with Augmented Reflection Technology for Stroke Rehabilitation	Hoermann, S.	perception and cognition; UX	subjective measures; informal evaluations	questionnaire; observation	5 patients	mirror hand (“mirror box”)	Stroke	81.25%
11	Guidance and movement correction based on therapeutics movements for motor rehabilitation support systems	Gama, Alana Da	task performance, UX	objective and subjective measures	task execution, performance analysis, questionnaire	3 physiotherapist, 4 adults and 3 elderly subjects	Shoulder Abduction	injuries, neurologic and geriatric therapies.	80.68%
12	Augmented reality-based postural control training improves gait function in patients with stroke: Randomized controlled trial	Lee, Chi-Ho	task performance	objective and subjective measures	task execution, performance analysis	21 patients	Many positions: The first stage includes six subordinated exercise programs that were conducted without the use of any tool in a lying position. The second stage involved four subordinated exercise programs performed while sitting. The third stage consisted of six subordinated exercise programs in the standing position performed using a therapeutic ball or a foothold.	stroke	79.97%
13	Mixed Reality Serious Games: The Therapist Perspective	Ines, Di Loreto	UX	subjective measures	task execution, questionnaire	3 therapists	upper/bottom limb	Could be applied to post stroke patients.	77.27%
14	Visual Occlusion in an Augmented Reality Post-Stroke Therapy Scenario	Allen, Max	perception and cognition, UX	subjective measures, usability evaluation techniques	task execution, questionnaire, observation, think aloud	30 participants	Hand, upper limb	stroke	77.08%
15	Augmented reality technology combined with three dimensional holography to train the mental rotation ability of older adults	Lee, I-Jui	perception and cognition, UX	objective and subjective measures, usability evaluation techniques	task execution, performance analysis, questionnaire, interview, observation, think aloud	28 elderly but healthy users.	Mental spatial rotation	Neurobiological research associates it with the human ability to navigate and with other spatially related functions	75.00%
16	Interactive augmented reality using Scratch 2.0 to improve physical activities for children with developmental disabilities	Lin, Chien-Yu	UX	qualitative analysis	performance analysis, observation	3 children (2 females: 4 and 6 years; and 1 male 3 years)	A body motion interactive game to enhance the body strength of children with disabilities.	mildly intellectually retarded and seldom talks; severe cerebral palsy; has moderate multiple disabilities, weak legs and low vision	74.05%