Sociodemographic Variation of Caries Risk Factors in Toddlers and Caregivers
Table 3
Relationships of race/ethnicity, education, and income with questionnaire responses for snacking and drinking habits of the toddler. Analyses were performed for each questionnaire item using multivariable logistic or linear regression models with race/ethnicity, income, and education as predictors. Race/ethnicity -values are for the overall test of any difference among the three groups. Questionnaire item numbers are listed in the left-most column (see the appendix for questionnaire). (%) or Mean(SD) for race/ethnicity, odds ratio (OR) or correlation (R) for education and income. NH-AA = Non-Hispanic African-American, NH-W = Non-Hispanic White.
PCG Race/Ethnicity
PCG Education
PCG Income
Hispanic ()
NH-AA ()
NH-W ()
-value
OR/R
-value
OR/R
-value
Q1
Child usually drinks from a bottle
22(29%)
7(4%)
15(11%)
.0001
1.1
.2559
1.1
.1013
Q2
Child usually drinks from a sippy cup
65(87%)
118(67%)
118(84%)
.0001
0.6
.0307
0.7
.1374
Q40
Frequency of bottle/sippy at sleep time
2.9(2.1)
4.5(2.0)
4.4(2.0)
.0001
0.15
.7376
0.16
.0137
Q42
Brushing frequency after sleep-time drinks
4.6(2.0)
5.9(1.6)
5.7(1.9)
.0001
0.19
.6731
0.19
.0075
Q26
Child regularly sips drinks between meals
32(43%)
168(96%)
129(91%)
.0001
0.8
.1461
1.0
.6605
Q31
Child usually snacks on candy
31(41%)
72(41%)
36(26%)
.0557
0.8
.1294
0.9
.4255
Q31
Child usually snacks on cookies
46(61%)
104(59%)
63(45%)
.0266
0.8
.1237
1.0
.6380
Q31
Child usually snacks on fresh fruit
70(93%)
145(83%)
108(77%)
.0035
1.2
.1935
1.1
.2418
Q31
Child usually snacks on cake
23(31%)
35(20%)
7(5%)
.0012
0.7
.0480
0.9
.6211
Q31
Child usually snacks on ice cream
39(52%)
47(27%)
24(17%)
.0001
1.0
.9244
0.9
.3391
Q31
Child usually snacks on cereal with milk
44(59%)
93(53%)
50(35%)
.0019
0.9
.2473
1.0
.6969
Q31
Child usually snacks on dried fruit
22(29%)
53(30%)
45(32%)
.9827
1.0
.8352
1.0
.8686
Q31
Child usually snacks on popcorn
27(36%)
71(41%)
52(37%)
.8911
1.1
.8031
1.0
.8911
Q31
Child usually snacks on chips
45(60%)
127(73%)
65(46%)
.0001
0.9
.5032
0.9
.0442
Q31
Child usually snacks on dry cereal
24(32%)
103(59%)
89(63%)
.0002
1.1
.2060
1.0
.8281
Q31
Child usually snacks on yogurt
47(63%)
59(34%)
64(45%)
.0002
1.0
.9864
1.2
.0120
Q33
Child usually drinks water between meals
65(87%)
119(68%)
98(70%)
.0028
1.1
.3031
1.0
.6363
Q33
Child usually drinks nondiet soda between meals
22(29%)
16(9%)
14(10%)
.0038
0.7
.0403
0.9
.4546
Q33
Child usually drinks juice between meals
67(89%)
146(83%)
98(70%)
.0012
1.0
.6801
0.9
.4027
Q33
Child usually drinks sugared fruit drink between meals
46(61%)
48(27%)
31(22%)
.0001
0.8
.0296
1.0
.6489
Q33
Child usually drinks milk between meals
63(84%)
130(74%)
109(77%)
.2159
1.2
.2507
0.9
.2117
Q44
Frequency child drinks tap water
3.2(2.3)
2.6(1.9)
1.8(1.5)
.0001
–0.03
.6840
–0.02
.8132
Frequency rated on a 1–6 scale: 1 = more than once per day, 2 = once per day, 3 = several times a week, 4 = several times a month, 5 = a few times a year, and 6 = never.
