Day 1. Blood clot filled the socket, fibrin network covered the clot. Day 3. Epithelium starts to proliferate. Osteoclasts are present on the bone crest. Fibroblasts started invading the clot. Day 5. Bone formation at the fundus of the socket. Day 11. New bone along the alveolar socket walls. Day 19. New bone reached the crest. The clot is present in the center of the socket. Day 28. The alveolus is filled with new bone.
Blood clot. Organization of the blood clot by proliferating connective tissue. Replacement of the connective tissue with fibrillar bone. Reconstruction of the coarse fibrillar bone and replacement by mature bone matrix.
Human biopsies of the content of extraction wounds scooped out with small curets. 3 days intervals.
Clot formation. Replacement with granulation tissue (7th day). Replacement of granulation tissue with connective tissue (20th day). Osteoid is present at the base of the socket at the 7th day and fills 2/3 of the socket at the 28th day. Epithelialization starts on the 4th day and is complete after day 24. Epithelial migration proceeds from the margins of the socket with the organization of the clot.
12 patients (20–45 yo). Extraction of 1st maxillary premolar. Flaps were not elevated. 2 doses of IM Oxytetracyclines at different postoperative days for each patient. 1 week after administration of the antibiotic all the remaining maxillary teeth were extracted and a block section of the whole socket of the 1st premolar is harvested and grafted with FDBA.
Specimens tagged at day 5-6. No fluorescent new matrix. Day 7-8. Fluorescent new bone in the marrow vascular spaces adjacent to and along the entire length of the lamina dura. No bone in the socket. Day 9-10. New bone appears also on the lateral aspects of the socket walls. Day 12. New bone along the lateral walls and in adjacent bone areas. Day 13-14. New bone fills approximately 1/3 of the alveolus. Day 15-16. Similar to previous 13-14 days specimens. Day 19. Bone matrix had filled a large portion of the socket.
10 patients. Extractions at different timepoints prior to periodontal surgery. Bone cores harvested at the time of periodontal surgery. Conclusions: 8–12 weeks is the best timeframe in which to harvest a graft.
4 weeks: Abundance of fibrous connective tissue. Rows of osteoblasts in the osteoid layer. 6 weeks: Osteoblasts are actively laying down new bone. 8 weeks: Trabeculae of new bone occupy the majority of the socket. Fewer osteoblasts and less osteoid are present. 10 weeks: Trabeculae interconnected with a minimum of osteoid. 12 weeks: Similar to 10 weeks. 16 weeks: Dense bone trabeculae with fewer cellular elements. Very little bone formation and few osteoblasts.
Rat teeth are extracted and fluorochrome is administered at different intervals. Conclusions: mineral formation is greatest at the gingivopalatal aspect and least at the gingivobuccal.
5 days: osteogenesis mainly in the apical region. Subperiosteal bone formation on the external surface of the buccal bone. 10 days: epithelium covered the socket. Woven bone filled to 1/2 of the socket height. Margins of the socket are rounded by resorption of buccal and palatal crests and the apposition of buccal subperiosteal woven bone. Day 14: thick trabeculae fill the socket. Numerous osteoblasts and few osteoclasts.
Extraction socket of patients requiring mandibular squamous cell carcinoma resection. Extractions were performed 2 weeks prior to resection.
2 weeks postextraction the PDL ligament was present in the center of the socket. Osteocytes and osteoblasts in the marrow spaces and on the socket margins strongly expressed Runx2, pre-osteoblasts on the socket surfaces, osteoprogenitor cells in the center of the socket also expressed Runx2. SB-10 and SB-20 antibodies were expressed in osteoprogenitor cells, pre-osteoblasts and osteoblasts surrounding trabeculae.
9 mongrel dogs (1 for each timepoint). Distal roots of the 4th mandibular premolars are extracted. B and L soft tissue is stabilized by sutures. Sections in the M-D direction.
Day 1: Coagulum fills most of the socket, inflammatory cells in the connective tissue. Day 3: Small areas of the coagulum are replaced by richly vascularized granulation tissue. Day 7: The clot is partially replaced by a provisional matrix. Day 14: The socket margins are covered by connective tissue. The socket contained a provisional matrix and woven bone. PDL and bundle bone are absent. Woven bone extends from the socket walls to the center of the wound. Day 30: Osteoclasts are resorbing woven bone and are also observed on the surface of the old lamellar bone of the crestal region. Soft tissue is organized and keratinized. Day 60 and 90: A woven bone hard tissue bridges the defect. Woven bone is being replaced by lamellar bone. Day 120 and 180: Bridging bone is remodeled to lamellar bone. A new periosteum is established.
