Review Article

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography and Radiographs in Dentistry: Aspects Related to Radiation Dose

Table 2

Effective doses. (ExcGland or IncGland: salivary glands excluded or included; Mx: Maxilla; Md: Mandible).

Exams/equipment/adjustment providedEffective Dose (μSv)
ICRP 60-1990ICRP 2005ICRP 103-2007
ExcGlandIncGland

PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHS

PM2002CCProlinePlanmeca/70 kVp/7 mA/18 s [25]3.8
VeraviewepocsMorita 77 kV/5 mA/8.1 s [8]5.2
OrthophosSiemens/62 kV/16 mA/14.1 s [38]916.4
PM2002CCProLinePlanmeca/64 kV/6 mA/15 s [39]49
PromaxPlanmeca/66 kV/6 mA/16 s [16]1726
PM2002CCProlinePlanmeca/73 kV/5 mA/15 s [18]10
Digital/PM2002CCProline2000Planmeca/66 kV/4 mA/18 s [16]812
Digital/PM2002CCProline2000Planmeca/66 kV/8 mA/18 s [16]2338
Digital/CranexExcelSoredex/65 kV/6 mA/19 s [40]4.512.3
Digital/Verawiewepocs5DMorita/70 kV/4 mA/8.2 s [40]2.55.5
Digital/ECProlinePlanmeca/64 kV/7 mA/18.3 s [40]5.714.9
Digital/Orthoralix9200DDEGendex/74 kV/4 mA/12 s [40]2.44.7
Digital/ProMaxPlanmeca/Adult [6]2023
Digital/ProMaxPlanmeca/68 kV/13 mA/16 s [13]7.124.3
Digital/OrthophosXGSirona/64 kV/8 mA/14.1 s [13]4.314.2
Digital/OrthophosPlusDSSirona/66 kVp/16 mA/14.1 s [30]6.222
Digital/VeraviewepocsMorita/67 kV/5 mA/8.1 s [8]2.7
Digital/Veraviewepocs3DMorita/70 kV/5 mA/7.4 s [8]2.9
Digital/CranexTomeSoredex/70 kV/4 mA/15 s [40]3.38.1

LATERAL CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPHS

OrthophosCSiemens/77 kV/14 mA/0.5 s [19]2.3
PM2002CCProLinePlanmeca/70 kV/12 mA/0.9 s [39]23
CranexTomeSoredex/70 kVp/10 mA/0.4 s [20]33.7
CranexTomeSoredex/Collimation/70 kVp/10 mA/0.4 s [20]1.62.2
PM2002CCProlinePlanmeca/80 kV/12 mA/0.5 s [18]5
Digital/OrthophosDSCephSiemens/73 kV/15 mA/15.8 s [19]1.1
Digital/ProLineCephCMPlanmeca/Collimation/70 kVp/10 mA/23 s [21]1.73.4
Digital/CranexTomeSoredex/Collimation/70 kVp/4 mAs [21]1.62.2
Digital/InterayVarian/77 kVp/6.5 mAs [13]3.75.6

PA CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPHS

Digital/InterayVarian/75 kVp/11 mAs [13]3.95.1

INTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHS
IntraPlanmeca/FullMouthRadiographs/70 kV/8 mA/Digital or F-speed film/RectangularCollimation [13]12.234.9
IntraPlanmeca/FullMouthRadiographs/70 kV/8 mA/Digital or F-speed film/RoundCollimation [13]58.4170.7
IntraPlanmeca/FullMouthRadiographs/RoundCollimation/Adult [6]115129
IntraPlanmeca/Bitewing(04)/70 kV/8 mA/Digital or F-speed film/RectangularCollimation [6]15
SiemensHeliodent70Dentotime/OcclusalMx [18]7

LARGE FOV CONE BEAM CT

Classic i-CAT/FOV22 cm/120 kV/3–8 mA [27]92.8182.1
Classic i-CAT/FOV22 cm/120 kV/5.7 mA [12]134.8193.4
Classic i-CAT/FOV22 cm/120 kV/3–8 mA/  s [28]82
Next Generation i-CAT/FOV23 cm/120 kV/5 mA/19 mAs/8.9 s [11]3774
NewTom3G/FOV19 cm/110 kV/1.5 mA/8.09 mAs/36 s [11, 12]44.758.968
NewTom3G/FOV19 cm/110 kV/<15 mA [28]30
NewTom9000/FOV23 cm/110 kV/5.4 mA [15]56.2
CBMercuRay/FOV19 cm/100 kV/10 mA/100 mAs/10 s [11, 12]476.6557.6569
CBMercuRay/FOV19 cm/120 kV/15 mA/150 mAs/10 s [11, 12]846.91025.41073
CBMercuRay/FOV19 cm/100 kV/15 mA [6]415479
CBMercuRay/FOV19 cm/120 kV/15 mA [6]656761
CBMercuRay/FOV19 cm/100 kV/10 mA [6]264306
CBMercuRay/FOV19 cm/100 kV/5 mA [6]153177
CBMercuRay/FOV19 cm/100 kV/2 mA [6]7586
Iluma/FOV19 cm/120 kV/1 mA/20 mAs/20 s [11]5098
Iluma/FOV19 cm/120 kV/3.8 mA/152 mAs/40 s [11]252498
Kodak9500/FOV18 cm/80 kV/86.4 mAs [29]5293
Kodak9500/FOV18 cm/85 kV/108 mAs [29]92163
Kodak9500/FOV18 cm/90 kV/108 mAs [29]148260
Kodak9500/FOV18 cm/90 kV/108 mAs [17]136
SkyView/FOV17 cm/90 kV/51 mAs [17]87

MEDIUM FOV CONE BEAM CT

Classic i-CAT/FOV13 cm/120 kV/3–8 mA [27]39.5110.5
Classic i-CAT/FOV13 cm/120 kV/5.7 mA [12]68.7104.5
Classic i-CAT/FOV13 cm/120 kV/23.87 mA [15]61.1
Classic i-CAT/FOV13 cm/120 kV/3–8 mA/10 s [28]48
Classic i-CAT/FOV13 cm/120 kV/3–8 mA/40 s [28]77
Classic i-CAT/FOV13 cm/120 kV/5 mA/19 mAs/20 s [11]2969
Next Generation i-CAT/FOV13 cm/120 kV/5 mA/19 mAs/8.9 s [11]3687
Next Generation i-CAT/FOV13 cm/120 kV/18.5 mAs [17]83
NewTom9000/FOV13 cm/110 kV/3.2 mA [30]36.977.9
NewTom9000/FOV13 cm/110 kV/3.5 mA/18 s [26]50.3
NewTom9000/FOV13 cm/110 kV/3.4 mA/17 s [22]3564
NewTom9000/FOV13 cm/110 kV/3.4 mA/17 s/Thyroid Protector [22]2352
NewTom3G/FOV15 cm/110 kV/<15 mA [28]57
NewTom5Gi/FOV15 cm/110 kV/8.8 mAs [17]194
CBMercuRay/FOV15 cm/120 kV/15 mA/120/mAs/10 s [11]288.9435.5560
CBMercuRay/FOV15 cm/100 kV/15 mA [6]354402
CBMercuRay/FOV15 cm/120 kV/15 mA [6]601680
Galileos/FOV15 cm/85 kV/5 mA/21 mAs/14 s [11]2870
Galileos/FOV15 cm/85 kV/7 mA/42 mAs/14 s [11]52128
GalileosComfort/FOV15 cm/85 kV/28 mAs [17]84
Kodak9500/FOV15 cm/80 kV/86.4 mAs [29]3976
Kodak9500/FOV15 cm/85 kV/108 mAs [29]4998
Kodak9500/FOV15 cm/90 kv/108 mAs [29]76166
IlumaElite/FOV14 cm/120 kV/76 mAs [17]368
Scanora3D/FOV13.5 cm/85 kV/48 mAs [17]68

SMALL FOV CONE BEAM CT

Classic i-CAT/FOV6 cmMx/120 kV/3–8 mA [27]9.736.5
Classic i-CAT/FOV6 cmMx/120 kV/3–8 mA/HighResolution [27]18.568.3
Classic i-CAT/FOV6 cmMx/120 kV/3–8 mA/20 s [28]45
Classic i-CAT/FOV6 cmMx/120 kV/3–8 mA/40 s [28]77
Classic i-CAT/FOV6 cmMd/120 kV/3–8 mA [27]23.975.3
Classic i-CAT/FOV6 cmMd/120 kV/3–8 mA/HighResolution [27]47.2148.5
Classic i-CAT/FOV6 cmMd/120 kV/3–8 mA/20 s [28]34
Classic i-CAT/FOV6 cmMd/120 kV/3–8 mA/40 s [28]64
Classic i-CAT/FOV8 cm/120 kV/3–8 mA/40 s [28]37
Next Generation i-CAT/FOV6 cmMd/120 kV/18.5 mAs [17]45
NewTom9000/FOVMx [30]19.941.5
NewTom9000/FOVMd [30]34.774.7
NewTom5G/FOV10 cm/110 kV/10.4 mAs [17]83
NewTom5Gi/FOV8 cm/110 kV/43 mAs [17]265
CBMercuRay/FOV10 cmMx/120 kV/15 mA/150 mAs/10 s [11, 12]168.4283.3407
CBMercuRay/FOV10 cm/100 kV/15 mA [6]328369
CBMercuRay/FOV10 cm/120 kV/15 mA [6]535603
CBMercuRay/FOV10 cm/120 kV/15 mA [23]451.8510.5
Promax3D/FOV8 cm/84 kVp/12 mA/6 s [41]269674
Promax3D/FOV8 cm/84 kV/12 mA/72 mAs/18 s [11]151488
Promax3D/FOV8 cm/84 kV/16 mA/96 mAs/18 s [11]203652
Promax3D/FOV8 cm/84 kV/8 mA/12 s/NormalResolution [42]102
Promax3D/FOV8 cm/84 kV/10 mA/12 s/NormalResolution [42]169
Promax3D/FOV8 cm/84 kV/12 mA/12 s/NormalResolution [42]216
Promax3D/FOV8 cm/84 kV/14 mA/12 s/NormalResolution [42]272
Promax3D/FOV8 cm/84 kV/16 mA/12 s/NormalResolution [42]298
Promax3D/FOV8 cm/84 kV/8 mA/2.8 s/LowDose [42]30
Promax3D/FOV8 cm/84 kV/16 mA/12 s/HighDose [42]306
Promax3D/FOV8 cm/84 kV/8 mA/8.3 s/LowDose [42]87
Promax3D/FOV8 cm/84 kV/169 mAs/HighDose [17]122
Promax3D/FOV8 cm/84 kV/19.9 mAs/LowDose [17]28
PreXion3D/FOV8.1 cm/90 kV/4 mA/76 mAs/19 s [11]66189
PreXion3D/FOV8.1 cm/90 kV/4 mA/148 mAs/37 s [11]154388
3D Accuitomo 170/FOV5 cmMx/90 kV/87.5 mAs [17]54
Kodak9500/FOV8 cm/90 kV/108 mAs [17]92
PicassoTrio HighDose/FOV7 cm/85 kV/127 mAs [17]123
PicassoTrio LowDose/FOV7 cm/85 kV/91 mAs [17]81
Scanora 3D/FOV7.5 cmMx/85 kV/30 mAs [17]46
Scanora 3D/FOV7.5 cmMd/85 kV/30 mAs [17]47
Scanora 3D/FOV7.5 cmMxMd/85 kV/30 mAs [17]45
Veraviewpocs3D/FOV8 cm/70 kV/51 mAs [17]73

CONVENTIONAL CT

SomatomVolumeZoom4/Scan22.6 cmFullHead/120 kV/ 90 mA/44.12 s/Slice0.75 mm [28]1110
SomatomSensation16/Scan22.5 cmFullHeadl/120 kV/90 mA/29.48 s/slice0.75 mm [28]995
Mx8000IDTPhilips/Scan22.5 cmFullHead/120 kV/140 mA/29.6 s/Slice0.75 mm [28]1160
Somatom64/Scan12 cm/120 kV/90 mA [11]453860
Somatom64CareDose4D/Scan12 cm/120 kV/90 mA [11]285534
SomatomPlusVolumeZoom4/ScanMx+Md/Slice1.25 mm/21.25 s/120 kVp/150 mA [18]2110
SomatomSensation/Scan10 cm/120 kV/90 mA [15]429.7
ExcelTwin/Scan9.6 cm/120 kV/300 mAs/Slice2 mm/2sporslice [39]314924
HiSpeedQX/i/Scan7.7 cmMx+Md/120 kV/100 mA [23]595.6768.9
SomatomVolumeZoom4/Scan7.2 cmMd/120 kV/90 mA/15.16 s/Slice0.75 mm [28]494
SomatomSensation16/Scan6.3 cmMd/120 kV/90 mA/7.87 s/Slice0.75 m [28]474
Mx8000IDTPhilips/Scan6 cmMd/120 kV/140 mA/7.89 s/Slice0.75 mm [28]541
SomatomPlus4VolumeZoom Scan5.2 cmMd/120 kV/100 mAs [24]250
ElscintExcel2400/ScanMd/120 kVp/315 mAs [43]24263324
SomatomPlus4VolumeZoom/ScanMd/Slice1.25 mm/12.64 s/120 kVp/150 mA [18]1320
SomatomPlusVolumeZoom4/ScanMx/Slice1.25 mm/9.47 s/ 120 kVp/150 mA [18]1400
ElscintExcel2400/ScanMx/120 kVp/315 mAs [43]10311202