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| Authors (year) | Study design | Population characteristics | Imaging method | Equipment, contrast medium or radionucleotide, and set conditions |
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| Bianchi et al., 2007 [13] | Cross-sectional | 32 subjects (20 women; range: 48–84 years) | MDCT + PAN | PAN: Orthophos (Sirona, Bensheim, Germany; at 69–71 kV and 15 mA for 14.2 s)/MDCT: Lightspeed Pro 16 and Lightspeed QX/i (GE, Milwaukee, WI; at 120 kV and 80–120 mA, 0.6 mm slice thickness, 0.9 pitch, and 12.8 cm FOV) |
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| Fleisher et al., 2010 [14] | Case-control | 68 subjects (gender and year’s range: N/E) | PER + PAN | N/S |
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| Guggenberger et al., 2013 [15] | Cross-sectional | 10 subjects (9 women; mean age 69,6; range: 53–88 years) | MRI + PET/CT + CBCT | MRI: 1.5 T scanner (Signa Excite HDxt; GE Healthcare; Milwaukee, WI). An 8-channel transmit-receive head coil was used. PET/CT: (Discovery RX or Discovery STE; GE Healthcare). CBCT: KaVo 3D eXam (KaVo, Biberach, Germany) with an amorphous silicium flat panel detector (20 × 25 cm). Exposure volume: 102 mm. Voxel size: 0.4 mm. The scan was set at a high-frequency constant potential of 120 kV (peak) |
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| Rocha et al., 2012 [11] | Cohort | 60 subjects; 30 cases and 30 controls (case: 18 women; range: 41–91 years/control: 22 women; range: 50–64 years) | PAN | Planmeca machine (Proline XC Digital model, 78 kV and 10 mA/18 s) |
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| Stockmann et al., 2010 [16] | Cross-sectional | 28 subjects (16 women; range: 57–78 years) | PAN + MRI + MDCT | PAN: Orthophos TM, Sirona, Bensheim, Germany, ×1.2 magnification; with gender specific settings (female patients, 69 kV and 15 mA; male patients, 66 kV and 8 mA)/MRI: 1.5 T (Magnetom Symphony TM, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany)/MDCT: 64-slice MDCT-Scanner (Somatom Sensation 64TM, Siemens, Forchheim, Germany). Scan settings were 120 kV, 110 mAs eff., 64 × 0.6 slice acquisition, 0.9 pitch, 1 s rotation time, 1 mm reconstructed slice thickness, 0.8 mm reconstruction increment, and sharp kernel (B70s) |
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| Takaishi et al., 2010 [17] | Cross-sectional | 48 subjects; 6 cases and 42 controls; age-matched (case: gender N/E; range: 47–75; control: gender N/E; range: 45–76 years) | PER | N/S |
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| Torres et al., 2011 [18] | Cross-sectional | 36 subjects; 9 cases and 27 controls; gender- and age-matched (case: gender N/E; range: 43–83 years; control: gender N/E; 43–84 years) | CBCT | MercuRay© CBCT System (Hitachi Medical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) |
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| Torres et al., 2012 [19] | Cross-sectional | 58 subjects; 10 cases and 48 controls; gender- and age-matched (case: 7 women; range: 49–77 years; control: 34 women; range: 49–76 years) | CBCT | CB MercuRay equipment (Hitachi Medical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) |
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| Treister et al., 2009 [20] | Cross-sectional | 39 subjects (15 women; range: 40–83 years) | PAN | N/S |
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| Van den Wyngaert et al., 2011 [21] | Cohort | 22 subjects (19 women; range 48–78 years) | SCI + SPECT | SCI: intravenous administration of medronate (methylene diphosphonate (MDP)) labeled with 740 MBq (20 mCi) Tc-99 m (Amerscan Medronate II Agent, GE Healthcare Limited, UK)/SPECT: step-and-shoot mode was used to obtain 64 projections with a zoom of 1.3, an angular range of 360° in 5.6° increments, and a duration of 30 seconds per frame. All studies were performed on a large-field-of-view dual-head whole-body camera (DST-XL or DST-Xli, General Electric/Sopha Medical Vision International, Buc, France) |
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| Wilde et al., 2012 [6] | Cross-sectional | 20 subjects (14 women; age N/E) | CBCT | Accuitomo (J. Morita MFG Corp., Kyoto, Japan) with the following parameters: 77 kV, 4 mA, scanning time 18 seconds, basis image 184, with a volume of 6 × 6 cm3 |
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