Common Periodontal Diseases of Children and Adolescents

Table 1

Systemic and genetic disorders associated with periodontal diseases in children and adolescents.

Systemic or genetic disorder	Nature of the disorder	Periodontal and other manifestations
Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; (IDDM)	Decrease in insulin secretion or availability caused by genetic defect in pancreatic beta-cells [8–10].	(i) Gingivitis, attachment loss, and bone loss are more prevalent in poorly controlled cases [4].; (ii) Reduced PMNs functions (chemotaxis, adhesion, and phagocytosis) [3, 11].; (iii) Decreased collagen synthesis and increased collagenase activity [4].; (iv) Delayed wound healing [3, 4].; (v) Increased susceptibility to infections [8–10].
HIV/AIDS	HIV/AIDS develops as a result of infection with human immunodeficiency virus [3].	(i) Linear gingival erythema [3, 4].; (ii) Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis [3, 4, 11].; (iii) Acute necrotizing periodontitis [12, 13].
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)	Inherited as autosomal recessive condition in which glycoprotein adhesion in leukocyte molecules is severely reduced [3, 11].	(i) Poor immune response to bacterial infections [3, 4].; (ii) Acute inflammation and rapid bone loss [3, 4, 11].; (iii) Recurrent bacterial infections [3].; (iv) Poor wound healing [3, 4].; (v) Associated with prepubertal periodontitis [3, 8, 11].
Leukemia	Uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells [3, 4].	(i) Gingival hyperplasia and hypertrophy [3, 4].; (ii) Gingival pallor [3, 4, 11].; (iii) Spontaneous gingival hemorrhage and petechiae [3, 8].
Neutropenia	The number of PMNs in peripheral blood is below 1000/mm^3 in infants and 1500/mm^3 in children [3, 4].	(i) Severe gingivitis, gingival ulcerations, and periodontitis [3, 4].; (ii) Recurrent infections such as otitis media and upper respiratory infections [3, 9, 11].
Acrodynia	Acrodynia is caused by mercurial toxicity reaction (mercury poisoning or idiosyncrasy to mercury) [3, 4, 11].	(i) Gingival and mucosal hyperplasia [3].; (ii) Alveolar bone loss [3, 4].; (iii) Early loss of primary teeth [3, 4].; (iv) Profuse salivation and sweating [3, 11].
Histiocytosis X	Disturbance of the reticuloendothelial system includes defects in PMNs and monocyte [3, 4, 11].	(i) Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections [11].
Hypophosphatasia	Genetic disorder characterized by low level of serum alkaline phosphatase and excretion of phosphoethanolamine in urine [3, 4, 11].	(i) Premature loss of deciduous teeth and skeletal deformity [3, 4, 11].; (ii) Defective bone/tooth mineralization [3, 4, 11].; (iii) Cementum hypoplasia/aplasia [3, 4, 11].
Chediak-Higashi syndrome	Autosomal recessive disorder characterized by impaired function of cytoplasmic microtubules in PMNs [3, 4, 11].	(i) Recurrent infections [3].; (ii) Severe gingivitis and periodontitis [4].; (iii) Intraoral ulcerations [3, 11].
Papillon-Lefevre syndrome	Autosomal recessive condition associated with impaired neutrophil functions [3, 4, 11].	(i) Palmoplantar hyperkeratosis [3].; (ii) Early-onset periodontitis affecting both primary dentition and permanent dentition [3].
Down syndrome	Trisomy 21, mongolism, and autosomal chromosomal anomaly associated with impaired PMNs functions, connective tissue disorders, and gingival hyperinnervation [3, 11].	(i) Gingivitis and periodontitis especially in lower anteriors [11].; (ii) Enamel hypoplasia [3, 4, 11].; (iii) Microdontia [3, 4, 11].; (iv) Macroglossia [3, 4, 11].; (v) Fissured tongue [3, 4, 11].
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome	Collage disorder affecting joints and skin. Ten type; type VIII is autosomal dominant and has periodontal implications [11].	(i) Aggressive early-onset periodontitis [11].; (ii) Prolonged bleeding [3].; (iii) Easily traumatized mucosa. [11]