|
| Author | Type of bracket-wire used in the study and method of ligature placement | Type of ligation | Dry or wet medium |
Mean static friction |
|
| Stannard et al. [7], 1986 | Stainless steel or Teflon coated brackets with 0.017 × 0.025′′ SS, TMA, NiTi, and Co-Cr wires
Placement of ligature not mentioned | Stainless Steel ligatures | Both | Dry
739 g SS | Wet
855 g SS |
|
| Baker et al. [5], 1987 | PAE SS Brackets with 0.018′′, 0.020′′, and 0.018 × 0.025′′ SS wires Placement of ligature not mentioned | 0.010′′ polyurethane ligatures | Both | 142 g in saliva
170 g in dry
166 g in glycerine |
|
| Dowling et al., 1998 | Standard twin and mini twin brackets with 0.018 × 0.025′′ wire Placement of ligature with an Orthopli 018R forceps |
Elastomeric modules round A-grey, B-clear, C-orange, D-fluoride impregnated, rectangular E-grey | Both | Dry
A-1.05 N
B-1.06 N
C-0.91 N
D-1.16 N
E-1.46 N | Wet
A-1.25 N
B-0.80 N
C-1.22 N
D-1.07 N
E- 1.15 N |
|
|
Khambay et al. [9], 2005 | Self-ligating Damon II and PAE SS brackets with 0.017 × 0.025 SS and TMA and 0.019 × 0.025′′ SS and TMA
Placement of ligature with straight shooter gun | Elastomeric modules-, purple, grey, Alastik or Super Slick, and 0.09′′ SS ligature | Wet | 0.019 × 0.025′′ bracket
SS ligature-0.45 N
Alastik-0.50 N
Purple-0.56 N
Grey-0.84 N
Super Slick-0.98 N |
|
| Chimenti et al. [10], 2005 | 0.022′′ PAE SS brackets with 0.019 × 0.025′′ SS wire Placement of ligature not mentioned | Elastic modules (small, medium, large, clear lubricated, and grey lubricated) | Dry | Small modules: 533.16 g
Medium modules: 508.80 g
Large modules: 611.14 g
Clear lubricated: 392.44 g
Gray lubricated: 350.38 g |
|
| Hain et al. [11], 2006 | Victory, speed, and Damon II brackets with 0.019 × 0.025′′ SS wire
Placement of ligature not mentioned | Regular uncoated,
Super Slick,
conventional silver, Alastik,
Sili-Ties | Wet | Regular uncoated: 2 N
Super Slick: 0.96 N
Conventional silver: 2.80 N
Alastik: 1.87 N
Sili-Ties: 1.81 N |
|
| Gandini et al. [12], 2008 | SmartClip and conventional SS bracket with 0.014′′ NiTi and 0.019 × 0.025′′ SS wire
Placement of ligature not mentioned | Conventional elastomeric ligature (CEL) and unconventional elastomeric ligature (UEL) | Dry | 0.019 × 0.025′′ SS
CEL-177.4 g
UEL-1.2 g |
|
| Present study, 2014 | 0.022′′ PAE SS bracket with 0.019 × 0.025′′ SS wire
Placement of ligature with artery forceps | Grp. I: Alastik Easy to Tie
Grp. II: Super Slick Mini Stix
Grp. IIII: Power “O” modules
Grp. IV: 0.009′′ Stainless Steel ligature | Both dry and wet mediums at different time intervals | Dry
Grp. I: 270 g
Grp. II: 443 g
Grp. III: 526 g
Grp. IV: 646 g | Wet
Grp. I: 343 g
Grp. II: 464 g
Grp. III: 678 g
Grp. IV: 775 g |
|
