Influence of Type 2 Diabetes on Prevalence of Key Periodontal Pathogens, Salivary Matrix Metalloproteinases, and Bone Remodeling Markers in Sudanese Adults with and without Chronic Periodontitis

Table 1

Distribution of sociodemographic and clinical indicators.

Variable	DM + CP ()	CP ()	DM ()
Age, mean (SE)^1	53.55 (1.82)	52.03 (1.34)	51.15 (2.39)
Gender, % ()^2
Male	48.40 (15)	48.30 (14)	30.00 (6)
Female	51.60 (16)	51.70 (15)	70.00 (14)
Ethnicity, % ()^3
Afro-Arab	93.55 (29)	82.76 (24)	63.16 (12)
African	6.45 (2)	17.24 (5)	36.84 (7)
Education, % ()^2
Illiterate	25.80 (8)	34.50 (10)	25.00 (5)
Literate	74.20 (23)	65.50 (19)	75.00 (15)
Employment, % ()^2
Unemployed	51.60 (16)	51.70 (15)	75.00 (15)
Employed	48.40 (15)	48.30 (14)	25.00 (5)
Smoking, % ()^3
Yes	16.10 (5)	31.00 (9)	10.00 (2)
No	83.90 (26)	69.00 (20)	90.00 (18)
Hypertension, % ()^2
Yes	29.00 (9)	17.20 (5)	30.00 (6)
No	71.00 (22)	82.80 (24)	70.00 (14)
Regular dental attendance, % ()^3
Yes	0.00 (0)	6.90 (2)	10.00 (2)
No	100.00 (31)	93.10 (27)	90.00 (18)
Duration of diabetes-years, mean (SE)^4	8.40 (1.09)	—	10.50 (1.99)
HbA1c%, mean (SE)^5	9.17 (0.34)	—	9.37 (0.52)
Plaque index, mean (SE)^1	1.68 (0.07)	1.42 (0.06)	1.47 (0.06)
Percentage of teeth with BoP, mean (SE)^6	56.95 (3.71)	22.21 (2.50)	29.50 (3.99)
Pocket depth, mean (SE)^4	4.18 (0.05)	4.25 (0.09)	—
Pocket depth, % ()^3
4-5 mm	58.10 (18)	86.20 (25)	—
≥6 mm	41.90 (13)	13.80 (4)	—

Different letters indicate statistically significant differences.
One-way ANOVA.
Chi-square test.
Fisher’s exact test.
Mann-Whitney test.
Independent sample -test.
Kruskal-Wallis test.
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