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Sex = male | Current shisha smoking habit | OR | Inverse OR | 95% confidence interval OR | |
Nonsmokers (N for total surveyed = 38) | Current smoker (N for total surveyed = 29) |
N | % | N | % |
|
Barriers | | | | | | | | |
(1) Shisha is more addictive than cigarettes | 36 | 94.7 | 26 | 89.7 | 0.48 | 2.08 | (0.08–3.09) | 0.441 (NS) |
(2) Shisha is addictive | 13 | 34.2 | 6 | 20.7 | 0.50 | 1.99 | (0.16–1.54) | 0.228 (NS) |
(3) Shisha smoking leads to lung cancer | 33 | 86.8 | 23 | 79.3 | 0.58 | 1.72 | (0.16–2.13) | 0.413 (NS) |
(4) Shisha smoking leads to dental problems | 26 | 68.4 | 18 | 62.1 | 0.76 | 1.32 | (0.27–2.08) | 0.588 (NS) |
(5) Shisha smoking reduces weight | 25 | 65.8 | 27 | 93.1 | 7.02 | — | (1.44–34.29) | 0.016 |
(6) Shisha is more harmful compared with cigarettes | 34 | 89.5 | 28 | 96.6 | 3.29 | — | (0.35–31.19) | 0.299 (NS) |
(7) Shisha contains carbon monoxide | 32 | 84.2 | 25 | 86.2 | 1.17 | — | (0.3–4.61) | 0.82 (NS) |
(8) Shisha is harmful to health | 34 | 89.5 | 26 | 89.7 | 1.02 | — | (0.21–4.96) | 0.981 (NS) |
(9) Shisha contains nicotine | 13 | 34.2 | 10 | 34.5 | 1.01 | — | (0.37–2.8) | 0.981 (NS) |
(10) Shisha smoking leads to cardiovascular diseases | 34 | 89.5 | 28 | 96.6 | 3.29 | — | (0.35–31.19) | 0.299 (NS) |
Enabling factors | | | | | | | | |
(1) Friends can influence shisha smoking | 32 | 84.2 | 29 | 100 | 11.80 | — | (1.37–101.5) | 0.025 |
(2) Shisha smoking is more socially acceptable compared to cigarettes | 21 | 55.3 | 25 | 86.2 | 5.06 | — | (1.47–17.4) | 0.01 |
(3) Girls are more comfortable in smoking shisha compared to cigarettes | 28 | 73.7 | 27 | 93.1 | 4.82 | — | (0.97–24.05) | 0.055 (NS) |
(4) People smoking shisha look cool | 7 | 18.4 | 13 | 44.8 | 3.60 | — | (1.2–10.81) | 0.022 |
(5) Friends smoke shisha | 31 | 81.6 | 27 | 93.1 | 3.05 | — | (0.58–15.94) | 0.187 (NS) |
(6) Smoker sibling | 12 | 31.6 | 14 | 48.3 | 2.02 | — | (0.74–5.5) | 0.167 (NS) |
(7) Husband-wife or boyfriend-girlfriend problems lead to shisha smoking | 10 | 26.3 | 12 | 41.4 | 1.98 | — | (0.7–5.55) | 0.196 (NS) |
(8) Stress influences one to start shisha smoking | 24 | 63.2 | 22 | 75.9 | 1.83 | — | (0.63–5.38) | 0.27 (NS) |
(9) Water in shisha filters toxins | 13 | 34.2 | 14 | 48.3 | 1.79 | — | (0.67–4.83) | 0.247 (NS) |
(10) Financial problems lead to shisha smoking | 8 | 21.1 | 9 | 31 | 1.69 | — | (0.56–5.11) | 0.355 (NS) |
(11) Mother smokes shisha | 1 | 2.6 | 1 | 3.4 | 1.32 | — | (0.08–22.06) | 0.846 (NS) |
(12) Shisha smoker parents influenced decision of children to start shisha smoking | 13 | 34.2 | 11 | 37.9 | 1.18 | — | (0.43–3.21) | 0.753 (NS) |
(13) University life burden leads to shisha smoking | 17 | 44.7 | 14 | 48.3 | 1.15 | — | (0.44–3.04) | 0.774 (NS) |
(14) Problems with friends lead to shisha smoking | 10 | 26.3 | 8 | 27.6 | 1.07 | — | (0.36–3.17) | 0.907 (NS) |
(15) Family problem leads to shisha smoking | 17 | 44.7 | 13 | 44.8 | 1.00 | — | (0.38–2.65) | 0.994 (NS) |
(16) People smoking shisha have more friends | 10 | 26.3 | 7 | 24.1 | 0.89 | 1.12 | (0.29–2.72) | 0.839 (NS) |
(17) Advertisement about shisha can influence smoking | 28 | 73.7 | 19 | 65.5 | 0.68 | 1.47 | (0.24–1.94) | 0.47 (NS) |
(18) Father smokes shisha | 4 | 10.5 | 2 | 6.9 | 0.63 | 1.59 | (0.11–3.7) | 0.609 (NS) |
(19) Parents influenced decision of children to start shisha smoking | 15 | 39.5 | 8 | 27.6 | 0.58 | 1.71 | (0.21–1.66) | 0.312 (NS) |
(20) Shisha smoking is our cultural heritage | 18 | 47.4 | 10 | 34.5 | 0.58 | 1.71 | (0.22–1.58) | 0.291 (NS) |
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