Shisha Smoking Habit among Dental School Students in the United Arab Emirates: Enabling Factors and Barriers

Table 9

The strength of association between selected barriers and enabling factors with current shisha smoking habits among females.

Sex = female	Current shisha smoking habit				OR	Inverse OR	95% confidence interval OR
	Nonsmokers (N for total surveyed = 303)		Current smokers (N for total surveyed = 27)
	N	%	N	%
Barriers
(1) Shisha is more addictive than cigarettes	128	42.2	3	11.1	0.17	5.85	(0.05–0.58)	0.005
(2) Shisha is addictive	243	80.2	17	63	0.42	2.38	(0.18–0.96)	0.041
(3) Shisha smoking leads to lung cancer	286	94.4	24	88.9	0.48	2.10	(0.13–1.74)	0.261 (NS)
(4) Shisha smoking leads to dental problems	290	95.7	25	92.6	0.56	1.78	(0.12–2.62)	0.462 (NS)
(5) Shisha smoking reduces weight	150	49.5	10	37	0.60	1.67	(0.27–1.35)	0.218 (NS)
(6) Shisha is more harmful compared with cigarettes	254	83.8	21	77.8	0.68	1.48	(0.26–1.76)	0.421 (NS)
(7) Shisha contains carbon monoxide	277	91.4	24	88.9	0.75	1.33	(0.21–2.66)	0.657 (NS)
(8) Shisha is harmful to health	294	97	26	96.3	0.80	1.26	(0.1–6.53)	0.832 (NS)
(9) Shisha contains nicotine	273	90.1	24	88.9	0.88	1.14	(0.25–3.09)	0.841 (NS)
(10) Shisha smoking leads to cardiovascular diseases	282	93.1	25	92.6	0.93	1.07	(0.21–4.2)	0.926 (NS)
(11) Shisha contains tar	217	71.6	21	77.8	1.39	—	(0.54–3.55)	0.496 (NS)
Enabling factors
(1) Friends smoke shisha	159	52.5	25	92.6	11.32	—	(2.63–48.65)	0.001
(2) Smoker sibling	93	30.7	18	66.7	4.52	—	(1.96–10.43)	<0.001
(3) Shisha smoking is more socially acceptable compared to cigarettes	153	50.5	22	81.5	4.31	—	(1.59–11.7)	0.004
(4) Friends can influence smoking	261	86.1	26	96.3	4.18	—	(0.55–31.7)	0.166 (NS)
(5) Father smokes shisha	33	10.9	9	33.3	4.09	—	(1.7–9.84)	0.002
(6) Mother smokes shisha	16	5.3	5	18.5	4.08	—	(1.37–12.17)	0.012
(7) Girls are more comfortable in smoking shisha compared to cigarettes	204	67.3	24	88.9	3.88	—	(1.14–13.22)	0.03
(8) People smoking shisha look cool	31	10.2	7	25.9	3.07	—	(1.2–7.84)	0.019
(9) Shisha smoking is our cultural heritage	71	23.4	9	33.3	1.63	—	(0.7–3.8)	0.254 (NS)
(10) People smoking shisha have more friends	47	15.5	6	22.2	1.56	—	(0.6–4.06)	0.366 (NS)
(11) University life burden leads to shisha smoking	143	47.2	12	44.4	0.90	1.12	(0.41–1.98)	0.784 (NS)
(12) Water in shisha filters toxins	105	34.7	7	25.9	0.66	1.52	(0.27–1.61)	0.362 (NS)
(13) Stress influences one to start shisha smoking	224	73.9	17	63	0.60	1.67	(0.26–1.36)	0.223 (NS)
(14) Problems with friends lead to shisha smoking	113	37.3	6	22.2	0.48	2.08	(0.19–1.23)	0.125 (NS)
(15) Shisha smoker parents influenced decision of children to start shisha smoking	181	59.7	11	40.7	0.46	2.16	(0.21–1.03)	0.06 (NS)
(16) Parents influenced decision of children to start shisha smoking	160	52.8	9	33.3	0.45	2.24	(0.19–1.03)	0.058 (NS)
(17) Husband-wife or boyfriend-girlfriend problems lead to shisha smoking	149	49.2	8	29.6	0.44	2.30	(0.18–1.03)	0.057 (NS)
(18) Family problem leads to shisha smoking	183	60.4	9	33.3	0.33	3.05	(0.14–0.75)	0.009
(19) Financial problems lead to shisha smoking	122	40.3	4	14.8	0.26	3.88	(0.09–0.76)	0.015
(20) Advertisement about shisha can influence smoking	220	72.6	9	33.3	0.19	5.30	(0.08–0.44)	<0.001