| Surface | Surface active head group | Ref. |
| Noble metals | Gold, silver, copper, platinum, and palladium | Organosulfur compounds | Alkanethiols (R-SH), dialkyl sulfide (R-S-R), dialkyl disulfide (R-S-R) | [62, 64, 68–73] | Hydroxylated surfaces | Silicon oxide/silica (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), quartz, glass, and mica | Organosilanes or organosilicon derivatives | Alkylchlorosilanes (R-Si-Cl3), alkylalkoxysilanes (R-Si-(OCH3)3), and alkylaminosilanes (R-Si-(NHCH3)3) | [64, 65, 74] | Metal oxide | Silver oxide, aluminum oxide (Al2O3), zirconium dioxide (ZnO2, zirconia), titanium/titanium oxide (TiO2), and native oxide stainless steel | Carboxylic acids | n-Alkanoic (carboxylic) acids (CnH2n+1COOH) | [64, 74, 75] | Organophosphorus compounds | Phosphates (RPO32−), phosphonates/phosphonic acids (RP(O)(OH)2) | [65, 74, 76–79] |
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