β₂-Microglobulin and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, Potential Novel Urine Biomarkers in Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Japanese

Table 3

Comparison of microbiological/clinical parameters related to periodontitis between β₂-MG high and normal groups.

Group	β2-MG/Cre(μg/g)
	Normal	High	P value
Number of subjects	102	6
Age (years)	50.2 ± 8.5	48.7 ± 10.4	0.679
Smoking status (pack-years)	10.8 ± 16.5	22.8 ± 18.1	0.048
BMI	23.5 ± 2.9	22.3 ± 1.9	0.304
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m^2)	81.5 ± 13.0	80.9 ± 14.0	0.913
HbA1C (%)	5.4 ± 0.3	5.7 ± 0.8	0.866
Subgingival plaque (copy)
P. gingivalis	3.5E + 5 ± 1.2E + 6	4.5E + 5 ± 8.7E + 5	0.216
P. intermedia	9.7E + 4 ± 3.3E + 5	1.0E + 5 ± 8.8E + 4	0.033
A. actinomycetemcomitans	1.1E + 3 ± 7.5E + 3	8.0E + 3 ± 2.0E + 4	0.205
Total bacteria	2.9E + 7 ± 5.8E + 7	7.1E + 7 ± 5.1E + 7	0.013
Antibody titer (unit)
P. gingivalis	8.4 ± 10.9	11.5 ± 14.9	0.648
P. intermedia	0.3 ± 0.7	0.2 ± 0.3	0.841
A. actinomycetemcomitans	0.5 ± 1.3	1.0 ± 1.1	0.227
Parameters related to periodontitis
O’Leary’s PCR (%)	45.9 ± 22.7	66.7 ± 5.2	0.014
BOP (%)	13.7 ± 13.4	28.9 ± 16.8	0.017
Mean PD (mm)	2.5 ± 0.6	3.0 ± 0.8	0.105
PD ≥ 4 mm (number of sites)	15.4 ± 20.0	50.0 ± 35.4	0.016
PD 4, 5 mm (number of sites)	12.5 ± 13.7	43.0 ± 30.0	0.011
PD ≥ 6 mm (number of sites)	2.9 ± 7.7	7.0 ± 6.5	0.019
Mean CAL (mm)	2.7 ± 0.7	3.2 ± 0.9	0.155
CAL ≥ 4 mm (number of sites)	26.8 ± 23.8	59.5 ± 42.0	0.069
CAL 4, 5 mm (number of sites)	22.5 ± 17.8	46.7 ± 32.7	0.068
CAL ≥ 6 mm (number of sites)	4.3 ± 8.9	12.8 ± 14.3	0.060

Results are shown as mean ± SD. Age, BMI, and eGFR: unpaired t-test. Other parameters: Mann–Whitney U test. Statistical significance is indicated by . β₂-MG, β₂-microglobulin; Cre, creatinine; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C (NGSP); P. gingivalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis; P. intermedia, Prevotella intermedia; A. actinomycetemcomitans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; O’Leary’s PCR, O’Leary’s plaque control record; BOP, bleeding on probing; PD, probing depth; CAL, clinical attachment level.