Prevalence of Malocclusions and Associated Factors inBrazilian Children and Adolescents with CerebralPalsy: A Multi-Institutional Study
Table 2
Distribution of children of 2–12 years with CP in bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression models for the presence of overjet increased (>2 mm) and independent variables.
Overjet increased
Bivariate
Multivariate
Absent, n (%)
Present, n (%)
value
Not adjusted RP(CI 95%)
value
AdjustedRP(CI 95%)
Level 1: socioeconomic characteristics
Gender
Male
18 (31.6)
39 (68.4)
0.040
0.79 (0.64–0.99)
—
—
Female
6 (14.3)
36 (85.7)
1.00
—
—
Age (years)
2 to 5
15 (36.6)
26 (63.4)
0.029
0.75 (0.58–0.97)
0.015
0.72 (0.55–0.93)
6 to 12
9 (15.5)
49 (84.5)
1.00
—
1.00
Caregiver’s educational level
≤8 years
10 (38.5)
16 (61.5)
0.099
0.76 (0.55–1.05)
—
—
>8 years
14 (19.2)
59 (80.8)
1.00
—
—
Family income (minimum wage=$266.70)
≤1 minimum wage
5 (17.2)
24 (82.8)
0.255
1.13 (0.91–1.41)
—
—
>1 minimum wage
19 (27.1)
51 (72.9)
1.00
—
—
Level 2: systemic characteristics
CP location
Tetraparesis
5 (16.1)
26 (83.9)
0.523
1.17 (0.71–1.92)
—
—
Diparetic
14 (28.0)
36 (72.0)
0.975
1.01 (0.61–1.66)
—
—
Hemiparesis
2 (28.6)
5 (71.4)
1.00
—
—
Type of disability
Spastic
21 (24.1)
66 (75.6)
0.000
0.75 (0.67–0.85)
—
—
Athetoid
3 (30.0)
7 (70.0)
0.085
0.70 (0.46–1.05)
—
—
Mixed
0 (0.0)
1 (100.0)
1.00
—
—
Communication capability
Normal
3 (18.8)
13 (81.2)
0.084
0.81 (0.64–1.02)
0.506
0.89 (0.65–1.23)
Mild deficiency
4 (26.7)
11 (73.3)
0.046
0.73 (0.54–0.99)
0.028
0.73 (0.55–0.96)
Moderate deficiency
17 (25.8)
49 (74.2)
0.000
0.74 (0.64–0.85)
0.324
0.82 (0.56–1.20)
Serious deficiency
0 (0.0)
2 (100.0)
1.00
1.00
Type of breathing
Nasal
15 (38.5)
24 (61.5)
0.010
0.70 (0.53–0.91)
—
—
Mouth
7 (12.5)
49 (87.5)
1.00
—
—
Diet consistency
Liquid
10 (23.8)
32 (76.2)
0.931
1.00
—
—
Solid
14 (24.6)
43 (75.4)
0.99 (0.79–1.24)
—
—
Lip hypotonia
Absent
11 (45.8)
13 (54.2)
1.00
—
—
Present
13 (17.6)
61 (82.4)
0.032
1.52 (1.03–2.23)
—
—
Level 3: behavioral characteristics
Tongue interposition
Absent
7 (25.0)
21 (75.0)
1.00
—
—
Present
15 (22.4)
52 (77.6)
0.780
1.03 (0.80–1.32)
—
—
Lip interposition
Absent
22 (28.2)
56 (71.8)
1.00
—
—
Present
1 (5.9)
16 (94.1)
0.040
1.31 (1.09–1.53)
—
—
Digital sucking habit up to the first 24 months or more
Absent
23 (25.0)
69 (75.0)
1.00
1.00 (0.56–1.78)
—
—
Present
1 (25.0)
3 (75.0)
1.00
—
—
Pacifier sucking habit up to the first 24 months or more
Absent
15 (24.2)
47 (75.8)
0.808
1.03 (0.80–1.31)
—
—
Present
9 (26.5)
25 (73.5)
1.00
—
—
Variables incorporated in the multivariate model of overjet increased (), gender, age, caregiver’s educational level, type of disability, communication capability, type of breathing, lip hypotonia, and lip interposition. Poisson multivariate regression adjusted for the presence of overjet increased bite and socioeconomic, systemic, and behavioral characteristics (independent variables) by the hierarchical procedure.
