Prevalence of Malocclusions and Associated Factors inBrazilian Children and Adolescents with CerebralPalsy: A Multi-Institutional Study

Table 3

Distribution of children and adolescents with CP in Poisson bivariate and multivariate regression models for the presence of open bite and posterior cross bite and independent variables.

Variables	Open bite		Bivariate		Multivariate		Posterior cross bite		Bivariate		Multivariate
	Absent, n (%)	Present, n (%)	Not adjusted RP		Adjusted RP		Absent, n (%)	Present, n (%)	Not adjusted RP		Adjusted RP
			value	95% CI	value	95% CI			-value	95% CI	-value	95% CI
Level 1: socioeconomic characteristics
Gender
Male	27 (47.4)	30 (52.6)	0.797	1.05 (0.71–1.55)	—	—	45 (80.4)	11 (19.6)	0.941	1.00	—	—
Female	21 (50.0)	21 (50.0)	—	1.00	—	—	34 (81.0)	8 (19.0)	—	0.99 (0.81–1.20)	—	—
Age (years)
2 to 5	19 (46.3)	22 (53.7)	0.718	1.07 (0.73–1.57)	—	—	35 (85.4)	9 (14.6)	—	1.00	—	—
6 to 12	29 (50.0)	29 (50.0)	—	1.00	—	—	44 (77.2)	13 (22.8)	0.298	1.10 (0.91–1.33)	—	—
Caregiver’s educational level
≤8 years	11 (42.3)	15 (57.7)	0.445	1.17 (0.78–1.75)	—	—	17 (65.4)	9 (34.6)	—	1.00	—	—
>8 years	37 (50.7)	36 (49.3)	—	1.00	—	—	62 (86.1)	10 (13.9)	0.067	0.75 (0.56–1.01)	—	—
Family income (minimum wage = $266.70)
≤1 MW	11 (37.9)	18 (68.1)	0.153	1.31 (0.90–1.92)	—	—	25 (86.2)	4 (13.8)	—	1.00	—	—
>1 MW	37 (52.9)	33 (47.1)	—	1.00	—	—	54 (78.3)	15 (21.7)	0.322	1.10 (0.91–1.33)	—	—
Level 2: systemic characteristics
CP location
Tetraparesis	10 (32.3)	21 (67.7)	0.627	1.18 (0.59–2.35)	—	—	21 (70,0)	9 (30.0)	0.984	1.01 (0.72–1.38)	—	—
Diparetic	29 (58.0)	21 (42.0)	0.402	0.73 (0.35–1.50)	—	—	43 (86,0)	7 (14.0)	0.299	0.81 (0.55–1.19)	—	—
Hemiparesis	3 (42.9)	4 (57.1)	—	1.00	—	—	6 (85,7)	1 (14.3)	—	1.00	—	—
Type of disability
Spastic	42 (48.3)	45 (51.7)	<0.001	0.51 (0.42–0.63)	—	—	69 (80.2)	17 (19.8)	0.158	0.80 (0.58–1.09)	—	—
Athetoid	6 (60.0)	4 (40.0)	0.018	0.40 (0,18–0.85)	—	—	8 (80.0)	2 (20.0)	—	1.00	—	—
Mixed	0 (0.0)	1 (100.0)	—	1.00	—	—	1 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	<0.001	0.81 (0.72–0.89)	—	—
Communication capability
Normal	14 (87.5)	2 (12.5)	0.152	0.25 (0.03–1.66)	—	—	16 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0.002	0.75 (0.64–0.87)	0.000	0.61 (0.47–0.78)
Mild deficiency	7 (46.7)	8 (53.3)	0.931	1.06 (0.24–4.61)	—	—	13 (86.7)	2 (13.3)	0.158	0.86 (0.71–1.05)	0.026	0.71 (0.52–0.96)
Moderate deficiency	26 (39.4)	40 (60.6)	0.788	1.21 (0.29–4.91)	—	—	48 (73.8)	17 (26.2)		1.00	—	1.00
Serious deficiency	1 (50.0)	1 (50.0)		1.00	—	—	2 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0.000	0.73 (0.63–0.85)	0.013	0.62 (0.43–0.90)
Type of breathing
Nasal	27 (69.2)	12 (30.8)	0.001	0.44 (0.26–0.73)	—	—	39 (94.7)	2 (5.3)	—	1.00	—	1.00
Mouth	17 (30.4)	39 (69.6)	—	1.00	—	—	40 (71.4)	16 (28.6)	0.002	1.32 (1.10–1.59)	0.017	1.25 (1.04–1.51)
Lip hypotonia
Absent	19 (79.2)	5 (20.8)	—	1.00	—	—	23 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	<0.001	0.74 (0.65–0.85)	—	—
Present	28 (37.8)	46 (62.2)	0.007	2.98 (1.34–6.64)	—	—	55 (74.3)	19 (25.7)		1.00	—	—
Diet consistency
Liquid	15 (35.7)	27 (64.3)	0.029	1.00	—	—	31 (73.8)	11 (26.2)	0.162	1.16 (0.94–1.43)	—	—
Solid	33 (57.9)	24 (42.1)	—	0.65 (0.44–0.95)	—	—	48 (85.7)	8 (14.3)	—	1.00	—	—
Level 3: behavioral characteristics
Tongue interposition
Absent	20 (71.4)	8 (28.6)	0.012	1.00	—	1.00	27 (96.4)	1 (3.6)	0.001	0.75 (0.64–0.88)	0.023	0.82 (0.70–0.97)
Present	25 (37.3)	42 (62.7)	—	2.19 (1.18–4.05)	0.047	1.86 (1.01–3.43)	48 (72.7)	18 (27.3)	—	1.00	—	1.00
Lip interposition
Absent	40 (51.3)	38 (48.7)	—	1.00	—	1.00	62 (79.5)	16 (20.5)	0.779	1.03 (0.80–1.32)	—	—
Present	5 (29.4)	12 (70.6)	0.057	1.44 (0.98–2.12)	0.049	1.46 (1.01–2.13)	14 (82.4)	3 (17.6)	—	1.00	—	—
Feeding bottle up to the first 24 months or more
Absent	10 (58.8)	7 (41.2)	0.424	0.78 (0.42–1.43)	—	—	13 (76.5)	4 (23.5)	—	1.00	—	—
Present	34 (47.2)	38 (52.8)	—	1.00	—	—	58 (81.7)	13 (18.3)	0.651	0.93 (0.70–1.24)	—	—
Digital sucking habit up to the first 24 months or more
Absent	44 (47.8)	48 (52.2)	0.933	1.04 (0.38–2.83)	—	—	72 (79.1)	19 (20.9)	<0.001	1.00	—	—
Present	2 (50.0)	2 (50.0)	—	1.00	—	—	4 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	—	0.79 (0.71–0.87)	—	—
Pacifier sucking habit up to the first 24 months or more
Absent	35 (56.5)	27 (43.5)	0.019	0.64 (0.44–0.92)	0.006	0.64 (0.47–0.88)	50 (82.0)	11 (18.0)	0.537	1.00	—	—
Present	11 (32.4)	23 (67.6)	—	1.00	—	1.00	26 (76.5)	8 (23.5)	—	1.07 (0.86–1.33)	—	—

Poisson regression not adjusted for independent variables and presence of open bite and posterior cross bite. Variables included in the multivariate model of open bite (), family income, type of disability, communication capability, type of breathing, lip hypotonia, diet consistency, tongue interposition, lip interposition, and pacifier sucking habit up to the first 24 months or more. Variables incorporated in the multivariate model of posterior cross bite (), caregiver’s educational level, type of disability, communication capability, type of breathing, lip hypotonia, diet consistency, tongue interposition, and digital sucking habit up to the first 24 months or more. Poisson multivariate regression adjusted for the presence of open bite and posterior cross bite and socioeconomic, systemic, and behavioral characteristics (independent variables) by the hierarchical procedure.