Nano-Hydroxyapatite Gel and Its Effects on Remineralization of Artificial Carious Lesions

Table 2

Mean ± standard deviation (sd), 95% confidence interval (CI) of hardness at baseline (H_B), hardness upon acid-activated demineralization (H_D), hardness after application of remineralizing agent (H_A), hardness difference determined between after acid-activated demineralization and after application of remineralizing agents (H_AD-diff = H_A − H_D), percentage of hardness recovery (%HR) of each group after application of remineralizing agents (H_A) in comparison to after acid-activated demineralization (H_D), and average crystal size for each treatment group.

Treatment group	n	HB	HD	HA	Hdiff = HA − HD	%HR	Crystal size (nm)
		Mean ± sd 95% CI (LL–UL)	Mean ± sd 95% CI (LL–UL)	Mean ± sd 95% CI (LL–UL)	Mean ± sd 95% CI (LL–UL)	Mean ± sd 95% CI (LL–UL)
Fluoride varnish (FV)	20	394.72 ± 10.00^a (390.04–399.40)	155.29 ± 22.16^a (144.93–165.66)	166.06 ± 25.93^a (153.93–178.19)	10.77 ± 7.80 (7.12–14.41)	4.71 ± 3.76 (2.94–6.48)	38.62
Nano-HA toothpaste (NHT)	20	393.97 ± 9.64^a (389.45–398.48)	157.21 ± 21.14^a (147.31–167.10)	195.21 ± 26.72^b (182.71–207.71)	38.00 ± 10.33 (33.17–42.84)	16.34 ± 5.43 (13.80–18.89)	41.76
20% Nano-HA gel (20% NHG)	20	393.57 ± 9.76^a (389.00–398.13)	159.37 ± 20.02^a (150.00–168.74)	187.09 ± 21.41^c (177.07–197.11)	27.72 ± 7.99 (23.98–31.46)	11.93 ± 3.65 (10.22–13.64)	39.67
30% Nano-HA gel (30% NHG)	20	392.96 ± 10.38^a (388.10–397.82)	158.99 ± 24.80^a (147.34–170.64)	185.32 ± 24.45^d (173.87–196.76)	26.33 ± 7.64 (22.75–29.90)	11.31 ± 3.04 (9.88–12.73)	36.91
No treatment (NT)	20	392.50 ± 11.09^a (387.31–397.69)	161.43 ± 21.56^a (151.34–171.53)	162.92 ± 16.95^a (154.99–170.86)	1.50 ± 10.22 (−3.29–6.28)	0.40 ± 4.34 (−1.63–2.44)	34.97

Similar letters represent no statistical difference within the same period in different treatments by ANOVA (). ; .