Effects of Palatal Expansion with Torque Activation using a Transpalatal Arch: A Preliminary Single-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

Table 2

Post-treatment changes in each group (i.e., changes occurred during treatment and measured after it), and the comparison of change extents in both groups.

Parameters	Control (symmetric expansion)						Experimental (torque activation)						BG Diff
	Mean	SD	Min	Max	95% CI		Mean	SD	Min	Max	95% CI
Anterior arch width (mm)	1.20	1.01	0	3	0.64	1.76	1.07	0.70	0	3	0.68	1.46
Intermolar width (mm)	6.13	1.96	3	9	5.04	7.22	4.77	1.03	3	6	4.20	5.34
Molar-Raphe distance (mm)
Crossbite side	3.90	1.26	2.5	7	3.20	4.60	4.17	1.45	1	6.5	3.37	4.97
Noncrossbite side	2.23	1.52	0.5	6	1.39	3.07	0.63	1.23	−2	2.5	−0.05	1.31
Molar inclination (°)
Crossbite side	13.13	7.12	1	28	9.19	17.07	14.17	7.99	3	26.5	9.75	18.59
Normal side	12.93	5.91	3.5	24	9.66	16.20	0.67	5.35	−8	9.5	−2.29	3.63
Occlusal plane inclination (°)	0.63	1.37	−1	3	−0.13	1.39	0.47	1.23	−1	3	−0.21	1.15

SD, standard deviation; Min, minimum; Max, maximum; CI, confidence interval; BG Diff, between-group difference (difference between the extents of changes caused by treatments in the two groups, calculated using the independent-samples t-test or Mann–Whitney). The lack of asterisks over mean values indicates that the treatment did not cause significant changes to the parameter (comparing pre- and post-treatment measurements in each group). The presence of asterisk(s) indicates that the extent of within-group change (happened during treatment and measured after it) was significant compared to the baseline: and (calculated using the paired t-test or its nonparametric alternative, the Wilcoxon test).