Nitrogen-Containing Bisphosphonates Downregulate Cathepsin K and Upregulate Annexin V in Osteoclasts Cultured In Vitro

Figure 2

Osteoclastic cultures were stimulated with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates at 10⁻⁵ M for 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, or 96 h, and the culture medium was analysed by ELISA for IL-1β, TNF-α, and sRANKL. Black bars represent the control cell group; AL: alendronate, IBN: ibandronate, and RIS: risedronate. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD of 5 cultures. Significant differences between the experimental and control groups: , , , and .