Modelling the Control of the Impact of Fall Armyworm (<i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>) Infestations on Maize Production

<div>Simulation of the model system (<a href="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ijde/volume-2021/8838089/figures/#EEq16">16</a>) demonstrated for different values given in Table <a href="../tab3/">3</a> with initial values <span class="nowrap"><svg height="12.7178pt" id="M211" style="vertical-align:-3.42947pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 162.954 12.7178" width="162.954pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M536 404C536 423 520 448 491 448C445 448 398 404 308 283L286 338C255 416 242 448 217 448C182 448 138 402 92 341L111 321C149 368 169 378 178 378C188 378 198 363 214 320L254 212C185 117 138 65 107 65C98 65 85 69 82 75C79 82 73 86 65 86C44 86 23 60 23 39C23 7 44 -12 71 -12C119 -12 168 33 265 177L306 61C321 17 347 -12 373 -12C413 -12 465 33 507 96L491 119C459 84 432 60 413 60C395 60 378 92 358 148L321 250C341 279 369 310 389 332C417 363 439 382 456 382C466 382 475 376 481 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(b) The increase in population size of the eggs laid after immigration. (c) The increase in the number of the caterpillars after the hatching process. (d) The decline in maize population size after immigration. Hence, results in each of the immigration rates at <svg height="8.55521pt" id="M217" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 31.9994 8.55521" width="31.9994pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M324 430H196L233 583L223 592L145 529L120 430H54L29 396L31 388H111L56 126C33 15 54 -12 77 -12C137 -12 214 57 250 95L233 119C208 92 155 59 138 59C126 59 120 70 131 125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.065,0)"><path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.328,0)"><path d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.568,0)"><path d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"></path></g></svg> days are the initial solutions for the model system (<a href="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/ijde/volume-2021/8838089/figures/#EEq18">18</a>).</div>

International Journal of Differential Equations

fig4

Figure 4

Figure 4: Modelling the Control of the Impact of Fall Armyworm (<i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>) Infestations on Maize Production 

International Journal of Differential Equations

Modelling the Control of the Impact of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Infestations on Maize Production

Figure 4