Neuroendocrine Alterations in Obese Patients with Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Table 1

Main hormonal changes in obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).

	OBESITY without OSAS	OBESITY with OSAS	Reference
GH	↓	↓ ↓	[46–48]
IGF-1	n or ↓	↓ ↓	[48–50]
PRL	↓	n or ↑	[49, 51–53]
ACTH	↑	↑	[51, 54, 55]
Cortisol	↑	n or ↑	[49, 53–60]
Aldosterone	↑	↑	[61, 62]
fT3	n	n	[51]
fT4	n	n	[49, 51]
TSH	n	n or ↓	[49, 51, 56, 63]
LH	n or ↓	n or ↓	[49, 56, 64]
FSH	n or ↓	n or ↓	[49]
Testosterone in ♂	↓	↓	[49, 65–68]
Free Testosterone in ♂	n or ↓	↓	[49]
Testosterone in ♀	↑	?	[69, 70]
SHBG	↓	↓	[49]
Insulin	↑	↑↑	[11, 31–33]
Leptin	↑	↑↑	[35, 37–40]
Adiponectin	↓	↓ ↓	[36, 37, 42, 43, 71]
Ghrelin	↓	?	[39, 45]

n: normal; ↑: increased levels; ↓: reduced levels.