Vitamin D Pathway Genes, Diet, and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Table 2
RCC risk by dietary intake frequency of vitamin D and calcium rich foods among genotyped participants.
Cases
Controls
Adjusted
Intake Frequency
N
%
N
%
OR
UCI
—
LCI
P-trend
Liver
Low (33%)
318
41.0
411
39.7
1.00
Medium (33–66%)
315
40.6
380
36.7
1.11
0.89
—
1.38
High (66%)
143
18.4
244
23.6
0.82
0.63
—
1.07
.28
Egg
Low (33%)
274
35.3
345
33.3
1.00
Medium (33–66%)
392
50.5
454
43.9
1.11
0.90
—
1.38
High (66%)
110
14.2
236
22.8
0.64
0.48
—
0.86
.02
Fresh Water Fish
Low (33%)
260
33.5
345
33.3
1.00
Medium (33–66%)
274
35.3
344
33.2
1.06
0.84
—
1.34
High (66%)
242
31.2
346
33.4
0.94
0.74
—
1.19
.60
Salt Water Fish
Low (33%)
259
33.4
346
33.4
1.00
Medium (33–66%)
334
43.0
419
40.5
1.02
0.82
—
1.27
High (66%)
183
23.6
270
26.1
0.91
0.71
—
1.18
.53
Total Fish
Low (33%)
290
37.4
380
36.7
1.00
Medium (33–66%)
236
30.4
309
29.9
0.98
0.77
—
1.23
High (66%)
250
32.2
346
33.4
0.95
0.75
—
1.19
.65
Total Vitamin D
Low (33%)
284
36.6
345
33.3
1.00
Medium (33–66%)
279
36.0
353
34.1
0.95
0.76
—
1.20
High (66%)
213
27.4
337
32.6
0.81
0.63
—
1.03
.09
Cheese
Low (33%)
193
24.9
286
27.6
1.00
Medium (33–66%)
302
38.9
337
32.6
1.31
1.03
—
1.68
High (66%)
281
36.2
412
39.8
0.99
0.77
—
1.26
.71
Yogurt
Low (33%)
202
26.0
347
33.5
1.00
Medium (33–66%)
278
35.8
313
30.2
1.48
1.16
—
1.88
High (66%)
296
38.1
375
36.2
1.31
1.03
—
1.67
.04
Milk
Low (33%)
179
23.1
264
25.5
1.00
Medium (33–66%)
292
37.6
389
37.6
1.10
0.86
—
1.42
High (66%)
305
39.3
382
36.9
1.14
0.89
—
1.46
.31
Total Calcium
Low (33%)
226
29.1
345
33.3
1.00
Medium (33–66%)
274
35.3
355
34.3
1.16
0.91
—
1.48
High (66%)
276
35.6
335
32.4
1.20
0.92
—
1.58
.18
All values adjusted for sex, age, study center, self-reported hypertensive status, BMI, and smoking status. Frequency of dietary intake variables categorized into tertiles based on intake among genotypes controls. Total Vitamin D (L, M, H) variable based on liver, egg, and salt and fresh water fish consumption. Also adjusted for years of occupational UV exposure. Total calcium variable based on cheese, yogurt, and milk consumption.
