Profound Vitamin D Deficiency in a Diverse Group of Women during Pregnancy Living in a Sun-Rich Environment at Latitude 32°N
Table 1
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics at time of enrollment, by self-reported race/ethnicity.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics
Total cohort
African-American
Hispanic
Caucasian
Other ethnicities
-value
Maternal age (Mean SD)
25.0 5.4
23.9 5.1
26.1 5.4
25.8 5.7
26.8 5.7
.001
Gestational age (Mean ± SD)
18.5 8.4
18.0 8.0
19.2 9.0
17.7 7.8
19.3 8.2
.49
Highest education achieved
<High school
155 (28%)
43 (16%)
102 (48%)
8 (15%)
2 (8%)
High school
215 (38%)
100 (37%)
90 (42%)
18 (34%)
7 (29%)
Some college
138 (25%)
101 (38%)
15 (7%)
16 (30%)
6 (25%)
.001
Assoc. degree or higher
51 (9%)
25 (9%)
6 (3%)
11 (21%)
9 (38%)
Employment (yes)
252 (45%)
149 (55%)
68 (32%)
28 (53%)
7 (29%)
.001
Insurance status
None
203 (36%)
4 (1%)
189 (89%)
3 (6%)
7 (29%)
Medicaid
250 (45%)
207 (77%)
12 (6%)
23 (43%)
8 (33%)
.001
Private
106 (19%)
58 (22%)
12 (6%)
27 (51%)
9 (38%)
Subjective health rating scale
(Median, range)
9 3–10
9 3–10
9 3–10
9 7–10
10 6–10
.040
Prior obstetrical history
Preterm birth
41 (7.3%)
27 (10.0%)
11 (5.2%)
2 (3.8%)
1 (4.2%)
.17
Preeclampsia
21 (3.8%)
13 (4.8%)
5 (2.4%)
2 (3.8%)
1 (4.2%)
.48
Gestational diabetes
15 (2.7%)
9 (3.4%)
3 (1.4%)
2 (3.8%)
1 (4.2%)
.30
Diabetes Mellitus (type 1 or 2)
8 (1.4%)
6 (2.2%)
2 (0.9%)
0
0
.64
Chronic hypertension
21 (3.8%)
15 (15.6%)
1 (1.9%)
3 (1.4%)
2 (8.3%)
.036
Planned pregnancy
196 (35%)
43 (16%)
121 (57%)
21 (40%)
11 (46%)
<.001
Primigravida
190 (34.1%)
98 (36.4%)
65 (30.7%)
19 (36.5%)
8 (33.3%)
.59
BMI 30
174 (31.1%)
94 (34.9%)
65 (30%)
11 (21%)
4 (17%)
.076
Season
April-May
79 (14.1%)
45 (16.7%)
23 (10.8%)
7 (13.2%)
4 (16.7%)
<.0001
June–September
309 (55.3%)
127 (47.2%)
138 (64.8%)
27 (50.9%)
17 (70.8%)
October-November
79 (14.1%)
32 (11.9%)
38 (17.8%)
8 (15.1%)
1 (4.2%)
December–March
92 (16.5%)
65 (24.2%)
14 (6.6%)
11 (20.8%)
2 (8.3%)
-values refer to the comparison between the four racial/ethnic categories reported. ANOVA; Chi-square; Subjective Health Rating Scale 0 poor to 10 excellent.
