Profound Vitamin D Deficiency in a Diverse Group of Women during Pregnancy Living in a Sun-Rich Environment at Latitude 32°N

Table 3

Multinomial logistic regression model for the univariate associations between vitamin D concentration and age, gravidity, BMI, race, and season of measurement.

Variable	Vitamin D group	Odds ratio	95% CI	𝑃-value
Age < 25	<20	1.35	0.82–2.21	.24
	20–31	1.28	0.77–2.14	.35
	32+	1.00 (ref)	—	—
Primigravida	<20	0.82	0.49–1.38	.45
	20–31	0.99	0.58–1.71	.99
	32+	1.00 (ref)	—	—
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30)	<20	2.19	1.23–3.90	.008
	20–31	1.21	0.66–2.22	.54
	32+	1.00 (ref)	—	—
African-American (versus Caucasian)	<20	20.28	7.91–52.02	<.0001
	20–31	2.96	1.29–6.78	.007
	32+	1.00 (ref)	—	—
Hispanic (versus Caucasian)	<20	2.44	1.03–5.81	.046
	20–31	1.44	0.71–2.90	.51
	32+	1.00 (ref)	—	—
Summer Months	<20	0.60	0.34–1.05	.073
	20–31	0.88	0.49–1.59	.67
	32+	1.00 (ref)	—	—

Odds ratios are univariate (unadjusted for the other listed covariates); no additional covariates were included in the model. Vitamin D group sample sizes are as follows: <20, 𝑛=265; 20–31, 𝑛=205; 32+, 𝑛=82. Missing data were as follows: gravidity (𝑛=2). The race category of “Other” was excluded from this analysis due to small sample size.