|
| Origin | Risk factors |
|
| Maternal causes | |
|
| Medical conditions | |
|
| (i) Vascular diseases | Chronic hypertension |
| Preeclampsia early in gestation |
| Diabetes mellitus |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Chronic kidney disease |
| Inflammatory bowel disease |
| Severe lung disease |
| (ii) Infections | Syphilis |
| Toxoplasmosis |
| Cytomegalovirus |
| Rubella virus |
| Hepatitis B virus |
| Herpes simplex virus 1 or 2 |
| HIV-1 |
| Helicobacter pylori |
| Malaria |
|
| Social conditions | |
|
| (i) Malnutrition | Low prepregnancy weight and small maternal size |
| Poor weight gain during pregnancy, especially in latter half |
| Nutritional deficiencies: protein folic acid, vitamin A, B, C, zinc, calcium |
| (ii) Drugs use | Cigarettes, alcohol, heroin, cocaine |
| Teratogens, antimetabolites, and therapeutic agents such as trimethadione, warfarin, and phenytoin |
| (iii) History | Recent pregnancy and/or high parity |
| Multiple pregnancy |
| Prior history of IUGR pregnancy |
| Residing at altitude over 5,000 ft (1,500 m) |
|
| Fetal Causes | |
|
| Genetic factors | Race, ethnicity, nationality, sex parity (primiparous, weigh less than subsequent siblings), genetic disorders (Achondroplasia, Russell-Silver syndrome) |
| Chromosomal anomalies | Chromosomal deletions |
| Trisomy 13,18, and 21 |
| Congenital malformations | Anencephaly, GI atresia, Potter’s syndrome, and pancreatic agenesis |
|
| Placental Causes | |
|
| Placental insufficiency | Reduced blood flow |
| Anatomic problems | Multiple infarcts |
| Aberrant cord insertions |
| Umbilical vascular thrombosis and hemangiomas |
| Premature placental separation |
| Small Placenta |
|
