Examination of the Association between Insufficient Sleep and
Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes by Race/Ethnicity
Table 3
Association between insufficient rest/sleep and diabetes mellitus.
Categories of insufficient rest/sleep
No. at risk
No. with diabetes
Age-, sex-adjusted Odds Ratio (95% confidence intervals)
Multivariable Odds Ratio (95% confidence intervals)
Whole cohort
0 days
133265
16993
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
1–13 days
144187
12964
0.95 (0.90–1.00)
1.03 (0.97–1.08)
14–29 days
55983
6058
1.26 (1.18–1.34)
1.20 (1.12–1.28)
30 days
38709
5674
1.75 (1.63–1.87)
1.42 (1.32–1.53)
-trend
<.0001
<.0001
Whites
0 days
105491
12438
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
1–13 days
116983
9319
0.89 (0.84–0.94)
0.96 (0. 91–1.01)
14–29 days
45077
4425
1.25 (1.17–1.34)
1.15 (1.07–1.24)
30 days
28879
3897
1.75 (1.62–1.88)
1.37 (1.26–1.48)
-trend
<.0001
<.0001
Blacks
0 days
9806
2060
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
1–13 days
10690
1748
0.98 (0.85–1.14)
1.04 (0.89–1.22)
14–29 days
4180
732
1.27 (1.05–1.55)
1.24 (1.01–1.52)
30 days
3819
749
1.24 (1.03–1.50)
1.11 (0.90–1.36)
-trend
0.0033
0.1019
Hispanic Americans
0 days
9516
1291
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
1–13 days
8408
968
1.22 (1.01–1.47)
1.25 (1.03–1.51)
14–29 days
3247
476
1.58 (1.25–2.00)
1.49 (1.16–1.92)
30 days
3042
530
2.10 (1.65–2.69)
1.88 (1.46–2.42)
-trend
<.0001
<.0001
Others
0 days
7146
1029
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
1–13 days
7211
821
1.32 (1.04–1.67)
1.34 (1.05–1.72)
14-29 days
3094
372
1.32 (1.00–1.73)
1.11 (0.85–1.46)
30 days
2628
436
1.94 (1.47–2.56)
1.48 (1.10–2.00)
-trend
<.0001
0.0206
*Adjusted for age (years), sex (men, women), education categories (<high school, high school, >high school), smoking (never, former, current), employment status (employed, unemployed, retired, unable to work), heavy drinker (no, yes), body mass index categories (<25, 25–29, ≥30 kg/m2), no regular exercise (yes, no); -interaction for insufficient rest/sleep and race-ethnicity was <.001.
