Impact of Maternal Physical Activity and Infant Feeding Practices on Infant Weight Gain and Adiposity

Table 3

Multiple linear regression analysis of dependent variables Δ weight (0-1 year) and weight-for-length z-score, respectively.

	𝐵	t	P
Δ Weight (0-1 year)
Birth weight	−0.01	−0.06	0.950
Infant age at 1 year visit	339.56	5.82	<0.001
Infant sex (female)	−648.43	−4.76	<0.001
Infant ethnicity	260.53	1.84	0.067
Family history of diabetes	−62.29	−0.45	0.651
Maternal pregravid vigorous/sport index	−218.64	−2.44	𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔
Exclusive breastfeeding duration	−116.37	−3.97	<0.001
			𝑅^2=33%
Weight-for-length 𝑧-score at 1 year
Birth weight	0.00	3.50	𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏
Infant age at 1 year visit	0.12	2.00	𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟕
Infant sex (female)	0.02	0.13	0.894
Infant ethnicity	0.20	1.41	0.160
Family history of diabetes	−0.11	−0.78	0.439
Maternal prepregnancy BMI	0.03	2.43	𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔
Maternal pregravid vigorous/sport index	−0.20	−2.17	𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟏
Exclusive breastfeeding duration	−0.08	−2.59	𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟎
			𝑅^2=19%

Parameters. (i) Forced: Birth weight, infant age at 1 year visit, infant sex, infant ethnicity (Caucasian versus non-Caucasian), family history of diabetes; (ii) forward stepwise method: socioeconomic status, maternal prepregnancy BMI, Maternal log IS_OGTT, maternal GDM status during pregnancy (yes/no), maternal pregravid work index, maternal pregravid vigorous/sport index, maternal pre-gravid leisure index, exclusive breastfeeding duration, age of introduction to formula (at birth, before 6 months, after 6 months, never), age of introduction to cereal, and daily screen time.
GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; IS_OGTT: oral glucose tolerance testing for assessment of insulin sensitivity.