Review Article
Muscular Dystrophies at Different Ages: Metabolic and Endocrine Alterations
Table 1
Clinical aspects, metabolic and endocrine issues on muscular dystrophies.
| | | Age of onset | Clinical characteristics | Metabolic issues | Endocrine issues | Clinical complications | Life span |
| Childhood Muscular Dystrophy | DMD | Early infancy | Muscle weakness Gower’s sign Joint contractures Muscle atrophy | Obesity Insulin resistance Malnutrition | Hypogonadism Delayed puberty Low testosterone level Growth failure | Wheelchair dependency Loss of ability of self-feeding Gastric distension Respiratory insufficiency Cardiomyopathy | 25–30 years old | BMD | 2–20 years old | | | | | Variable: 4th or 5th decade of life |
| Adult Muscular Dystrophy | MD1 | 20–60 years old | Myotonia Muscle weakness | Obesity Insulin resistance Hyperinsulinemia Hypertriglyceridemia Glucose intolerance | Hypogonadism Oligospermia Low testosterone levels Reduced fertility Erectile dysfunction Testicular atrophy | Hypogammaglobulinemia Pneumonia Cardiac arrhythmias | Variable: 5th or 6th decade of life | MD2 | ~48 years old | | | | | |
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