The Association of Depression and the Cardiovascular Risk Factors of Blood Pressure, HbA1c, and Body Mass Index among Patients with Diabetes: Results from the Translating Research into Action for Diabetes Study

Table 1

Distribution of variables associated with cardiovascular risk factors in study cohort.

Variable	𝑁	Not depressed	Depressed*	P value
Total	2341	81.12%	18.88%
Gender				<0.01
Female	1228	49.18%	66.52%
Insulin treatment	473	19.06%	25.11%	<0.01
Married or living together	1457	64.77%	51.36%	<0.01
Age				<0.01
(18–34)	48	2.05%	2.04%
(35–44)	192	7.58%	10.86%
(45–54)	491	19.80%	26.02%
(55–64)	669	28.44%	29.19%
(65–74)	605	26.86%	21.49%
(75–84)	317	14.48%	9.50%
(85+)	19	0.79%	0.90%
Race/ethnicity				<0.01
(White)	1402	60.61%	56.79%
(Hispanic)	287	12.53%	11.09%
(Black)	426	16.85%	23.98%
(Asian/pacific islander)	102	4.84%	2.26%
(Other)	124	5.16%	5.88%
Income				<0.01
(<$15,000)	552	19.69%	40.27%
($15,000–$40,000)	730	31.17%	31.22%
($40,000–$75,000)	576	25.80%	19.46%
(>$75,000)	483	23.33%	9.05%
Education level:				<0.01
(< High school grad)	394	14.22%	28.05%
(High school graduate)	640	26.38%	31.45%
(Some college)	758	33.54%	27.38%
(College grad or higher)	549	25.86%	13.12%
Mean duration with diabetes (in years)	2341	12.81	13.44	0.22
Charlson index mean	2341	2.07	2.53%	<0.01
Unadjusted systolic blood pressure mean (mm Hg)	2341	135.6	135.7	0.94
Unadjusted A1C mean	2341	8.09	7.69	<0.01
Unadjusted body mass index mean	2341	34.33	31.35	<0.01

*Depressed is defined as a PHQ8 score of  >9.