The Association of Depression and the Cardiovascular Risk Factors of Blood Pressure, HbA1c, and Body Mass Index among Patients with Diabetes: Results from the Translating Research into Action for Diabetes Study
Table 2
Linear regression estimates of the association of cardiovascular risk factors with depression.
Variable
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
A1C
Body mass index
Coefficient estimate
P value
Coefficient estimate
P value
Coefficient estimate
value
Depressed*
−0.33
0.75
0.28
<0.01
1.55
<0.01
Female
1.58
0.05
0.03
0.68
2.26
<0.01
Duration with diabetes
0.06
0.19
0.01
<0.01
−0.04
0.03
Insulin treatment
−0.11
0.92
0.34
<0.01
−1.92
<0.01
Married or living together
−0.23
0.80
0.01
0.94
−1.01
0.01
Charlson Index
−0.51
0.06
−0.03
0.27
0.11
0.28
Age (ref: 18–34)
(35–44)
3.55
0.23
−0.30
<0.01
4.35
<0.01
(45–54)
8.13
<0.01
−0.29
0.25
3.95
<0.02
(55–64)
11.35
<0.01
−0.69
<0.01
2.31
0.03
(65–74)
11.74
<0.01
−0.92
<0.01
0.50
0.65
(75–84)
13.08
<0.01
−1.15
<0.01
−1.49
0.19
(85+)
10.53
0.04
−1.38
<0.01
−6.56
<0.01
Race/ethnicity (ref: white/caucasian)
(Hispanic)
−2.92
0.03
0.51
<0.01
−0.21
0.68
(Black)
5.38
<0.01
0.45
<0.01
−1.06
0.01
(Asian/pacific islander)
2.37
0.22
0.64
<0.01
−4.33
<0.01
(Other)
1.06
0.54
0.28
0.06
−0.10
0.88
Income (ref: >$75,000)
(<$15,000)
1.58
0.32
−0.19
0.18
−0.90
0.14
($15,000–$40,000)
1.36
0.28
−0.10
0.35
0.19
0.69
($40,000–$75,000)
0.77
0.51
0.16
0.12
0.03
0.95
Education level (ref: college grad or higher)
(< High school grad)
0.43
0.76
0.31
0.01
0.99
0.07
(High school graduate)
1.70
0.14
0.23
0.03
1.44
<0.01
(Some college)
0.72
0.5
0.18
0.06
1.23
0.003
*Depressed is defined as a PHQ8 score of >9. **Results in bold are significant at the 5% level.
