Markers of Sleep Disordered Breathing and Diabetes Mellitus in a Multiethnic Sample of US Adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2008)
Table 2
Association between sleep variables and diabetes mellitus.
Sleep variables
No. at risk ()
Diabetes cases ()
Age-, sex-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
Multivariable-adjusted odds ratio* (95% CI)
Sleep duration (hours)
≤5 hrs
1008
168
1.91 (1.42–2.58)
1.38 (1.01–1.90)
6 hrs
1509
177
1.16 (0.89–1.53)
1.12 (0.80–1.56)
7 hrs
1877
201
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
8 hrs
1719
234
1.09 (0.83–1.43)
1.12 (0.83–1.51)
≥9 hrs
409
57
0.91 (0.55–1.51)
0.79 (0.47–1.34)
-trend
0.0001
0.04
Frequency of snoring
Never or rarely
3158
298
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
Occasionally
1256
184
1.93 (1.44–2.59)
1.67 (1.23–2.27)
Frequently
2108
355
1.94 (1.58–2.39)
1.44 (1.16–1.79)
-trend
<0.0001
0.0008
Frequency of snorting
Never or rarely
5718
684
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
Occasionally
421
80
1.23 (0.87–1.73)
0.94 (0.65–1.36)
Frequently
383
73
1.98 (1.48–2.66)
1.37 (1.04–1.79)
-trend
<0.0001
0.09
Frequency of daytime sleepiness
Never or rarely
3768
481
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
Sometimes
1680
198
1.02 (0.86–1.22)
1.01 (0.81–1.25)
Often and almost always
1074
158
1.51 (1.25–1.83)
1.38 (1.08–1.76)
-trend
0.0002
0.03
SDB summary score
0
2353
207
1 (referent)
1 (referent)
1
2573
345
1.64 (1.25–2.16)
1.37 (1.04–1.80)
2
1177
203
2.03 (1.60–2.57)
1.45 (1.14–1.85)
≥3
419
82
3.50 (2.55–4.81)
2.04 (1.46–2.87)
-trend
<0.0001
<0.0001
*Adjusted for age (years), sex (men, women), race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans, others), education (< high school, high school, > high school), smoking (never, former, current), current alcohol consumption (absent, present), moderate physical activity (times/week), body mass index (kg/m2), depression (absent, present), systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), C-reactive protein (mg/dL) and total cholesterol (mg/dL).
