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Author
Study design (year) | Country | Population | Vitamin D supplements | Duration | Results (relative risk of T1D with vitamin D supplements) |
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EURODIAB (no authors listed)
Case control study (1999) [96] | 7 countries in Europe | 746 T1DM and 2188 controls | Vitamin D supplementation during infancy | 31 years | 0.67 (0.53, 0.86) |
Stene et al.
Case control study (2000) [98] | Norway | 78 T1DM and 980 controls | Cod liver oil to pregnant women | 16 years | 0.36 (0.14–0.9) |
Hyppönen et al.
Birth control, prospective study (2001) [97] | Finland | 81 T1DM and 10366 controls | Cod liver oil to children during the first year of life (2000IU daily) | 31 years | 0.22 (0.05–0.89) for regular or irregular vitamin D intake versus no supplements
0.12 (0.03–0.51) for regular vitamin D supplements versus no supplements |
Fronczak et al.
Cohort study (2003) [100] | Colorado | 16 T1DM and 206 controls | Vitamin D supplementation in food, during the third trimester of pregnancy (250IU daily) | 4 years | 0.37 (0.17–0.78) |
Stene and Joner
Case control study (2003) [99] | Norway | 545 T1DM and 1668 controls | Cod liver oil in the first year of life, at 7–12 months of age (10 mcg daily for at least 5 times per week) | 15 years | 0.74 (0.56–0.99) |
Tenconi et al.
Case control study (2007) [101] | North Italy | 159 T1DM and 318 controls | Vitamin D supplementation during lactation | 29 years | 0.33 (0.14–0.81) |
Brekke et al.
Cohort retrospective and prospective study (2007) [102] | Sweden | 8.7% at 1 year and 8.9% at 2.5 years had positive antibodies | Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy (10 mcg daily) | 2.5 years | 0.71 (0.17–0.78) |
Marjamäki et al.
Birth cohort study (2010) [103] | Finland | 165 patients with positive antibodies and 4297 control | Vitamin D supplements during pregnancy (mean supplements 5.1 mcg and 1.3 mcg in food, daily) | 4 years | No significant protective effect |
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