Association between Endocrine Disrupting Phenols in Colostrums and Maternal and Infant Health

Table 1

Characteristics of subjects.

(a) Mothers

Items	% (𝑁=325)
Health status
Normal	89.2
Disease^a	10.8
Education
≤9 yrs	0.3
>9 yrs and ≤12 yrs	22.4
>12 yrs and ≤16 yrs	69.4
>16 yrs	7.9
Job
House wife	43.0
Office workers	21.7
Teachers	10.8
Others	24.5
Monthly income
<$2,000	17.1
$2,000~$4,000	55.7
>$4,000	27.2
Food intake
Vegetable preferred	16.9
Meat preferred	14.7
Fish preferred	14.3
Evenly	53.9
Consumption of dairy products^b
1~2 times/month	11.3
Once/week	12.0
2~3 times/week	40.8
Every day	35.9
Use of detergents for food
Rare	1.0
2~3 times/week	11.2
Every time	87.8
Use of cosmetics
1-2 times/month	24.1
Once/week	20.6
2~3 times/week	27.3
Every day	28.0
Alcohol drinking^c
Never	29.1
1-2 times/month	47.7
Once/week	46.2
≥2 times/week	7.0
Tobacco smoking
Never smoker	88.07
Ex-smoker^d	11.58
Smoker	0.35

aToxemia, thyroid disorders, gastritis, and so forth.
^bMilk, cheese, and so forth.
^cBefore pregnant.
^dQuitted smoking over 1 year.

(b) Infants (𝑁=326)

Items
Embryonic period (wks)	39.1±1.5
Body weight (kg)	3.2±0.4
Stature (cm)	50.2±2.3
Health status (%)
Normal	88.7
Disease^a	5.0
Recovered^b	6.3

aJaundice (𝑁=6), intestinal obstruction (𝑁=2), congenital malformation (𝑁=2), enteritis (𝑁=1), cyanosis (𝑁=1), and so forth.
^bJaundice (𝑁=7), respiratory distress (𝑁=5), conjunctivitis (𝑁=1), dyspepsia (𝑁=1), acute enteritis (𝑁=1), and so forth.