Association between Endocrine Disrupting Phenols in Colostrums and Maternal and Infant Health

Table 2

Comparison between exposure levels and regulation levels of phenols.

	Phenols	Detection of all samples (%)	Median (ng/mL)	Range; (ng/mL)	Estimated daily exposure in neonates^a,b (μg/kg)	TDI (μg/kg)^c
Free	BPA	39.8	<LOD	<LOD–54.2
	NP	0.0	<LOD	<LOD
	OP	2.9	<LOD	<LOD–14.1
Total	BPA	70.6	7.8	<LOD–57.3	1.20	50
	NP	15.9	<LOD	<LOD–23.4	0.12	5–15^d
	OP	27.5	<LOD	<LOD–30.9	0.02	Unknown
Conjugated	BPA	70.6	4.2	0.0–30.2
	NP	15.9	<LOD	0.0–23.4
	OP	27.5	0.0	0.0–30.7

aNondetectible values were designated to half of the lowest value of each phenol.
^bDaily intake volume of milk in neonates, 500 mL; mean body weight of the infants, 3.24 kg; calculated from median level of each phenol × 500/3.24/1000.
^c[3, 14].
^dNOAEL (no observable adverse effect level), 15 mg/kg; uncertainty factor, 1000 (WHO) and 3000 (Danish Institute of Safe and Toxicology).