Body Fat Equations and Electrical Bioimpedance Values in Prediction of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Eutrophic and Overweight Adolescents

Table 1

Body fat and fat-free mass anthropometric equations.

Reference	Sex	Equation	Equation number
	Masc.^a	𝐷 = 1.1533 – 0.0643 [log∑4 skinfold thicknesses]
Durnin and Rahaman (1967) [7]	Fem.^a	𝐷 = 1.1369 – 0.0598 [log∑4 skinfold thicknesses]
		% BF = [(4.95/𝐷) – 4.50] × 100	(1)
	Masc.^b	𝐷 = 1.1620 – 0.063 [log∑4 skinfold thicknesses]
Durnin and Womersley (1974) [8]	Fem.^b	𝐷 = 1.1549 – 0.0678 [log∑4 skinfold thicknesses]
		% BF = [(4.95/𝐷) – 4.50] × 100
	Masc.	% BF = 1.35 [triceps (mm) + subscapular (mm)] – 0.012
Boileau et al. (1985) [9]		[triceps (mm) + subscapular (mm)]^2 – 4.4	(2)
	Fem.	% BF = 1.35 [triceps (mm) + subscapular (mm)] – 0.012
		[triceps (mm) + subscapular (mm)]^2 – 2.4
	Masc.; Fem.	% BF = 0.735 [triceps (mm) + calf (mm)] + 1.0; % BF = 0.610 [triceps (mm) + calf (mm)] + 5.1	(3)
	Masc.^c	% BF = 1.21 [triceps (mm) + subscapular (mm)] – 0.008
Slaughter et al. (1988) [10]		[triceps (mm) + subscapular (mm)]^2 + 𝐼
	Fem.^c	% BF = 1.33 [triceps (mm) + subscapular (mm)] – 0.013	(4)
		[triceps (mm) + subscapular (mm)]^2 – 2.5
	Masc.^d; Fem.^d	% BF = 0.783 [triceps (mm) + subscapular (mm)] + 1.6; % BF = 0.546 [triceps (mm) + subscapular (mm)] + 9.7
Weststrate and Deurenberg (1989) [11]	Masc.; Fem.	% BF = ({562−4.2[𝐴−2]}/𝐷^†−{525−4.7[𝐴−2]}; % BF = ({553−7.3[𝐴−10]}/𝐷^†−{514−8.0[𝐴−10]}	(5)
	Masc.	FFM = 0.646 (Wt) – 0.116 [lateral calf (mm)] – 0.375
Guo et al. (1989) [12]		[midaxillary (mm)] + 0.475 [arm muscle; circumference (cm)] + 0.156 (Ht^2/𝑅) – 2.932	(6)
	Fem.	FFM = 0.682 (Wt) – 0.185 [lateral calf (mm)] – 0.244
		[triceps (mm)] – 0.202 [subscapular (mm)] + 0.182 (Ht^2/𝑅) + 4.338
Deurenberg et al. (1990) [13]	Masc.; Fem.	% BF = 18.88 [log (∑4 skinfold thicknesses)] – 15.58; % BF = 39.02 [log (∑4 skinfold thicknesses)] – 43.49	(7)
Deurenberg et al. (1991) [14]	Masc./Fem.^e; Masc. /Fem.^f	% BF = 1.51 (BMI) – 0.70 (𝐴) – 3.6 (𝑆) + 1.4; % BF = 1.2 (BMI) + 0.23 (𝐴) – 10.8 (𝑆) −5.4	(8)
Houtkooper et al. (1992) [15]	Masc./Fem.	FFM = 0.61 (Ht^2/𝑅) + 0.25 (Wt) + 1.31	(9)
Ellis (1997) [16] and Ellis et al. (1997) [17]	Masc.^g; Masc.^h; Fem.^g; Fem.^h	𝐹 = 0.534 (Wt) – 1.59 (𝐴) + 3.03; 𝐹 = 0.594 (Wt) – 0.381 (Ht) + 36.0; 𝐹 = 0.642 (Wt) – 0.120 (Ht) – 0.606 (𝐴) + 8.98; 𝐹 = 0.653 (Wt) – 0.163 (Ht) – 0.298 (𝐴) + 10.7	(10)

^aEquation for adolescents aged 15-16 years; ^bequation for adolescents aged 17-18 years; ^c for a sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses <35 mm; ^dfor a sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses >35 mm; ^eequation for adolescents aged ≤15 years; ^fequation for adolescents aged ≥16 years; ^gequations for white individuals; ^hequations for black individuals; log∑4 skinfold thicknesses = logarithm sum of bicipital, tricipital, suprailiacal, subscapular skinfold thicknesses (mm); for boys aged 2–18 y: 𝐷^† = {1.1315+(0.0018[𝐴−2])}−{0.0719−0.0006[𝐴−2]×log(∑4skinfoldthicknesses)} and for girls aged 11–18 y: 𝐷^† ={1.1350+(0,0031[𝐴−10])}−{0.0719−0.0003[𝐴−2]×log(∑4skinfoldthicknesses)}; Eq: equation; Fem: feminine sex; Masc.: masculine sex; 𝐷: density (g/L); % BF: percentage of body fat; FFM: fat free mass (kg), 𝑅: resistance (Ω); 𝐴: age (years); 𝐹: fat (kg); BMI: body mass index (kg/m²); 𝑆: sex (masculine = 1 and feminine = 0); Wt: body weight (kg); Ht: height (cm); 𝐼: intercept in males varies for maturation level and racial group as follows: for black males: prepubescent = − 3.5; pubescent = − 5.2; postpubescent and adult = − 6.8. For white males: prepubescent = − 1.7; pubescent = − 3.4; postpubescent and adult = − 5.5.