International Journal of Endocrinology / 2013 / Article / Tab 2 / Review Article
Increasing Whole Grain Intake as Part of Prevention and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Table 2 Associations between whole grain intake with risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Data are from meta-analyses only.
Relative risk ratio/weighted mean difference compared to controls*
value (after adjustment for potential confounders unless otherwise stated)Median or average whole grain intake (high versus low; g whole grain/d) Whole grains consumed Study type Number of cohorts/studies included in the meta-analysis Reference Cardiovascular disease (incidence) 0.79 (0.74, 0.85) <0.001 44 versus 0 Mixed (mainly US studies) Prospective cohort 9 [20 ] 0.79 (0.73, 0.85) <0.001 40 versus 3.2 7 [21 ] Type 2 diabetes (incidence) 0.74 (0.69, 0.80) <0.001 44 versus 0 Mixed (mainly US studies) Prospective cohort 6 [20 ] 0.79 (0.72, 0.87) <0.001 32 versus 0+ Mixed (mainly US studies) Prospective cohort 6 [22 ] Fasting insulin (pmol/L) −0.29 (−0.59, 0.01) <0.001 >50 versus <20 Mixed Intervention 10 [20 ] −0.011 (−0.015, −0.007) <0.001 16 versus 0+ Mixed Prospective cohort 14 [23 ] Fasting glucose (mmol/L) −0.93 (−1.65, −0.21) <0.001 >50 versus <20 Mixed Intervention 11 [20 ] −0.009 (−0.013, −0.005) <0.001 16 versus 0+ Mixed Prospective cohort 14 [23 ] Total cholesterol (mmol/L) −0.83 (−1.24, −0.42) <0.001 >50 versus <20 Mixed Intervention 16 [20 ] LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) −0.72 (−1.34, −0.11) <0.001 >50 versus <20 Mixed Intervention 15 [20 ] Weight gain (kg) −0.18 (−0.54, 0.18) ns >50 versus <20 Mixed Intervention 12 [20 ] −0.17 (−0.22, −0.11) <0.001 16 versus 0+ Mixed (US cohorts) Prospective cohort 3 [24 ]
Highest versus lowest categories of whole grain intake in prospective cohort studies and weighted mean difference compared to controls in intervention studies.
**These values are not actual intake but are the difference intake estimated to lead to the corresponding change in biomarker concentration.