A Twenty-First Century Cancer Epidemic Caused by Obesity: The Involvement of Insulin, Diabetes, and Insulin-Like Growth Factors

Table 2

Effects of obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 on risk of different types of cancer.

Type of cancer	Obesity		Diabetes mellitus type 2
	Men	Women	Men and women
Bladder	None	None	1.37 (1.04–1.8) [301]
Breast	—	—	1.2 (1.11–1.3) [302]
Premenopausal	—	0.92 (0.88–0.97)	Not available
Postmenopausal	—	1.12 (1.08–1.16)	Not available
Colorectal	—	—	1.38 (1.26–1.51) [303]
Colon	1.24 (1.20–1.28)	1.09 (1.05–1.13)	Not available
Rectum	1.09 (1.06–1.12)	None	Not available
Endometrium	—	1.59 (1.50–1.68)	2.22 (1.80–2.74) [304]
Gall bladder/biliary tract	None	1.59 (1.02–2.47)	1.43 (1.18–1.72) [305]
Liver	None	None	2.50 (1.80–3.50) [306]
Leukaemia	1.08 (1.02–1.14)	1.17 (1.04–1.32)	Not available
Malignant melanoma	1.17 (1.05–1.30)	None	Not available
Multiple myeloma	1.11 (1.05–1.18)	1.11 (1.07–1.15)	Not available
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	1.06 (1.03–1.09)	1.07 (1.00–1.14)	1.79 (1.3–2.47) [307]
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma	1.52 (1.33–1.74)	1.51 (1.31–1.74)	1.3 (1.12–1.50) [25]
Pancreas	None	1.12 (1.02–1.22)	1.94 (1.5–2.4) [308]
Renal	1.24 (1.15–1.34)	1.34 (1.25–1.43)	1.42 (1.06–1.91) [309]
Thyroid	1.33 (1.04–1.70)	1.14 (1.06–1.23)	Not available

The increased relative risks and the 95% confidence limits, in brackets, are given. For obesity, the relative risk ratio is per 5 kg/m² increase in weight [19].