Impaired Fasting Glucose and Diabetes as Predictors for Radial Artery Calcification in End Stage Renal Disease Patients

Table 1

Differences in clinical parameters between patients with and without vascular calcifications as assessed by alizarin red staining of the radial artery.

	Patients with vascular calcifications (grades 1–4, 𝑁=34)	Patients without vascular calcifications (grades 0, 𝑁=25)	𝑃
Male gender, 𝑁 (%)	23 (68%)	15 (60%)	NS
HD treatment, 𝑁 (%)	21 (62%)	15 (60%)	NS
HD duration, months^a	10 (3–36)	6 (1–38)	NS
Hemoglobin, g/dL	10.7±1.6	11.5±1.9	NS
Albumin, g/L	40.3±4.2	41.5±6.1	NS
Age, years	66±15	54±14	0.003
Active smoking, 𝑁 (%)	10 (29%)	7 (28%)	NS
BMI, kg/m^2	26.1±5.6	26.4±6.1	NS
Diabetes, 𝑁 (%)	18 (53%)	1 (4%)	<0.0001
Type 1 diabetes, 𝑁 (%)	2 (6%)	0	NS
Type 2 diabetes, 𝑁 (%)	16 (47%)	1 (4%)	0.0002
IFG, 𝑁 (%)	3 (9%)	3 (12%)	NS
SBP, mmHg	138±19	146±18	NS
DBP, mmHg	82±9	86±11	NS
MAP, mmHg	101±12	106±12	0.045
Fasting glucose, mmol/L	5.7 (4.9–7.9)	4.8 (4.6–5.2)	0.022
Insulin, μU/mL^b	7.60 (5.85–18.89)	9.88 (6.12–13.50)	NS
HOMA-IR^b	1.68 (1.20–4.44)	1.89 (1.32–3.12)	NS
CRP, mg/L	8.81 (2.19–24.3)	4.86 (3.06–9.82)	NS
ADMA, μmol/L	0.86±0.22	0.72±0.16	0.022
Ca, mmol/L	2.18±0.16	2.25±0.27	NS
Pi, mmol/L	1.50 (1.34–1.79)	1.41 (1.21–1.86)	NS
Ca × Pi, mmol^2/L^2	3.15 (2.88–3.77)	3.51 (2.86–3.91)	NS
iPTH, pg/mL	213 (179–512)	290 (230–428)	NS
OPG, pmol/L	9.36 (5.93–12.38)	5.10 (2.40–7.70)	0.014
OPN, ng/mL	310 (208–559)	304 (217–377)	NS
OC, ng/mL	41.7 (31.7–69.5)	42.0 (23.9–56.0)	NS
CCA-IMT, mm	0.98±0.13	0.86±0.14	0.006
All-cause mortality, 𝑁 (%)	16 (47%)	3 (12%)	0.004
Cardiovascular mortality, 𝑁 (%)	13 (38%)	3 (12%)	0.025

aData for the group of HD patients only (21 patients with calcifications and 15 patients without calcifications).
^bData for nondiabetic patients only (16 patients with calcifications and 24 patients without calcifications).