Rare Mutations of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma: Frequencies and Relationship with Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Risk in the Mixed Ancestry Population from South Africa
Table 1
General characteristics of the overall population and by diabetic status.
Variable
No diabetes
Diabetes
-value
Overall
Number
598
222
820
Gender, male (%)
130 (21.7)
48 (21.6)
0.9474
178 (21.7)
Mean age, year (SD)
51.0 (15.1)
58.9 (13.4)
<0.0001
53.2 (15.1)
Mean systolic blood pressure, mmHg (SD)
122 (19)
130 (23)
<0.0001
124 (21)
Mean diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (SD)
75 (12)
77 (14)
0.0506
76 (13)
Hypertension, (%)
314 (52.5)
133 (59.9)
0.05859
447 (54.5)
Mean body mass index, kg/m2 (SD)
29.2 (7.0)
31.8 (7.1)
<0.0001
29.9 (7.1)
Mean waist circumference, cm (SD)
95 (15)
102 (14)
<0.0001
97 (15)
Mean hip circumference, cm (SD)
109 (14)
112 (15)
0.014
109 (14)
Mean waist/hip ratio, (SD)
0.87 (0.10)
0.91 (0.10)
<0.0001
0.88 (0.09)
Mean HbA1c, % (SD)
5.7 (0.4)
7.8 (2.1)
<0.0001
6.3 (1.4)
Mean fasting blood glucose, mmol/L (SD)
5.1 (0.7)
9.8 (4.5)
<0.0001
6.4 (3.2)
Mean 2 h glucose, mmol/L (SD)
6.4 (1.6)
13.4 (5.3)
<0.0001
7.5 (3.6)
Mean eGFR, mL/min (SD)
76.2 (21.2)
72.0 (25.2)
0.029
75.0 (22.4)
Mean triglycerides, mmol/L (SD)
1.4 (0.9)
1.7 (0.9)
<0.0001
1.5 (0.9)
Mean HDL cholesterol, mmol/L (SD)
1.3 (0.4)
1.2 (0.3)
0.0002
1.3 (0.4)
Mean LDL cholesterol, mmol/L (SD)
3.6 (1.0)
3.7 (1.1)
0.179
3.6 (1.0)
Mean total cholesterol, mmol/L (SD)
5.5 (1.2)
5.7 (1.3)
0.068
5.6 (1.2)
Median GGT (25th–75th percentiles)
26 [17–39]
32 [23–49]
<0.0001
27 [19–42]
Median CRP (25th–75th percentiles)
3.3 [0.9–8.3]
5.4 [2.2–10.9]
<0.0001
4.0 [1.2–9.4]
Median insulin mmol/L (25th–75th percentiles)
7.2 [3.4–12.9]
10.2 [4.4–17.6]
0.0001
7.7 [3.5–14.1]
Median 2 h insulin mmol/L (25th–75th percentiles)
36.0 [19.3–65.7]
53.3 [22.1–117.0]
0.0015
37.3 [19.5–72.7]
Median glucose/insulin (25th–75th percentiles)
0.71 [0.40–1.45]
0.82 [0.48–2.05]
0.0304
0.72 [0.41–1.58]
Median HOMA-IR (25th–75th percentiles)
1.63 [0.69–3.00]
3.67 [1.71–7.29]
<0.0001
1.94 [0.86–3.82]
Median HOMA-B% (25th–75th percentiles)
92.8 [43.5–165.1]
42.1 [13.6–83.4]
<0.0001
74.2 [32.2–149.2]
Median QUICKI (25th–75th percentiles)
0.15 [0.14–0.18]
0.14 [0.12–0.15]
<0.0001
0.15 [0.14–0.17]
Median FIRI (25th–75th percentiles)
1.46 [0.62–2.70]
3.31 [1.54–6.56]
<0.0001
1.74 [0.77–3.44]
Median 1/HOMA-IR (25th–75th percentiles)
0.61 [0.33–1.44]
0.27 [0.14–0.58]
<0.0001
0.52 [0.26–1.16]
CRP: C-reactive protein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FIRI: fasting insulin-resistance index; GGT: -glutamyltransferase; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; HDL: high density lipoproteins; HOMA-B%: functional -cells; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL: low density lipoproteins; QUICKI: the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index; SD: standard deviation.
