Growth Abnormalities in Children with Type 1 Diabetes, Juvenile Chronic Arthritis, and Asthma

Table 1

Main factors associated with the development and progression of bone alterations in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and asthma.

Type 1 Diabetes	Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis	Asthma
(i) Gender; (ii) Age at diagnosis; (iii) Puberty; (iv) Metabolic control; (v) Insulin schedules adopted; (vi) GH, IGFs, and IGFBPs circulating levels	(i) Degree, extent, and duration of the disease; (ii) Age at onset; (iii) Corticosteroid treatment; (iv) Undernutrition; (v) Reduced physical activity; (vi) Proinflammatory cytokine levels (interleukin-1𝛽, tumor necrosis factor-𝛼, and interleukin-6); (vii) Vitamin D metabolites; (viii) Sex steroids; (ix) Parathyroid hormone-related peptide; (x) Fibroblast growth factor; (xi) Bone morphogenic proteins; (xii) Transforming growth factor superfamily proteins	(i) Age at diagnosis; (ii) Duration and severity of the disease; (iii) Chest deformity; (iv) Hypoxemia; (v) Impaired pulmonary function; (vi) Enhanced metabolic demands of increased work of breathing; (vii) Allergic processes