Determinants of Vitamin D Levels in Italian Children and Adolescents: A Longitudinal Evaluation of Cholecalciferol Supplementation versus the Improvement of Factors Influencing 25(OH)D Status
Table 2
Comparison of 25(OH)D determinants in Arms A and B of the interventional study.
Arm A
Arm A
Arm B
Arm B
Number of subjects (female : male)
213 (200 : 178)
205 (200 : 178)
165 (193 : 172)
160 (193 : 172)
Age, yrs. (median, range)
8.8 (3.1–18.9)
8.8 (3.1–18.9)
9.8 (3.2–19.9)
9.8 (3.2–19.9)
Height (SDS)
0.0 ± 1.5
0.0 ± 1.4
−0.1 ± 1.6
0.0 ± 1.5
BMI (SDS)
0.5 ± 1.1
0.5 ± 1.1
0.5 ± 1.0
0.5 ± 1.0
Prepubertal/pubertal ratio
255 : 123
255 : 123
236 : 129
236 : 129
Serum 25(OH)D status
sufficiency (%)
—
—
20.6°°°*
insufficiency (%)
—
42.0∧∧∧
—
34.4°°°
deficiency (%)
21.0∧∧∧
23.1°°°
severe deficiency (%)
7.3∧∧∧
21.9°°°**
Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL)
12.64 ± 4.72
21.35 ± 7.30°°°***
children
14.56 ± 4.22
22.77 ± 7.99°°°**
adolescents
9.96 ± 4.65
14.11 ± 5.99°°°*
normal weight
14.34 ± 4.14
22.12 ± 6.54°°°**
overweight
11.38 ± 4.23
16.34 ± 6.01°**
obese
8.69 ± 3.14
8.54 ± 3.57
11.22 ± 6.02
Dietary intake of vitamin D, IU/day
170.1 ± 47.8
264 ± 53.7°°°***
Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL)
normal milk consumption
13.71 ± 4.11
26.79 ± 8.65°°°***
reduced milk consumption
11.06 ± 3.99
17.17 ± 8.18°°°
Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL)
≤2 hrs outdoor activity/day
10.14 ± 3.67
15.29 ± 7.11°°°
2 hrs outdoor activity/day
13.64 ± 4.67
26.49 ± 6.33°°°***
Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL)
low sun exposure
11.88 ± 8.12∧
9.96 ± 3.89
13.12 ± 8.71°°°
moderate sun exposure
14.66 ± 9.01
13.17 ± 4.11
16.77 ± 6.43°°°*
good sun exposure
15.45 ± 3.98
24.55 ± 6.11°°°**
Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL)
regular sunscreen use
10.29 ± 4.58
18.46 ± 7.55°°°
not regular sunscreen use
14.69 ± 4.88
26.03 ± 8.79°°°
Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (U/L)
128.0 ± 34.9
121.7 ± 32.5°***
Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL)
52.88 ± 33.41
54.54 ± 37.67
49.74 ± 33.71*
Arm A ( or ) versus Arm B ( or ): < 0.05; < 0.005; < 0.001. Arm A () versus Arm A (): < 0.05; < 0.005; < 0.001. Arm B () versus Arm B (): < 0.05; < 0.005; < 0.001. Arm A ( or ) versus Arm A ( or ) or Arm B ( or ) versus Arm B ( or ): < 0.05; < 0.005; < 0.001.
