Review Article
The Architecture of Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: Understanding Asia in the Context of Global Findings
Table 1
Published SNPs associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus at genome-wide significance (
).
|
Number | SNP (allele)1,2 | Mapped gene(s) | Region3 | Disc4 Pop | Rep5 Pop | RAF6 | | | | | OR (95% CI) | value |
| 1 | rs10923931 (T) [109] | NOTCH2 | 1p12 | EUR | | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.39 | 1.13 (1.08–1.17) | | 2 | rs340874 (C) [155] | LINC00538-PROX1 | 1q32.3 | EUR | | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.32 | 0.55 | 0.08 | NR | | 3 | rs243021 (A) [116] | FLJ30838-MIR4432 | 2p16.1 | EUR | EUR | NR | 0.48 | 0.64 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | | 4 | rs7578597 (T) [109] | THADA | 2p21 | EUR | | 0.90 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 1.15 (1.10–1.20) | | 5 | rs780094 (C) [155] | GCKR | 2p23.3 | EUR | | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.43 | 0.80 | 0.88 | NR | | 6 | rs7560163 (C) [148] | RND3-FABP5P10 | 2q23.3 | AA | | 0.86 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 1.33 (1.19–1.49) | | 7 | rs7593730 (C) [118] | RBMS1 | 2q24.2 | EUR | | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.59 | 1.11 (1.08–1.16) | | 8 | rs3923113 (A) [92] | EIF3EP3-SNORA70F | 2q24.3 | SA | | 0.74 | 0.59 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.23 | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) | | 9 | rs13389219 (C) [131] | GRB14-COBLL1 | 2q24.3 | EUR | | 0.60 | 0.56 | 0.79 | — | 0.15 | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | | 10 | rs560887 (C) [155] | G6PC2 | 2q31.1 | EUR | | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.98 | 0.85 | 1.00 | NR | | 11 | rs7578326 (A) [116] | LOC646736 | 2q36.3 | EUR | | NR | 0.65 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.60 | 1.11 (1.08–1.13) | | 12 | rs2943641 (C) [115] | NYAP2-MIR5702 | 2q36.3 | EUR | EUR | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.94 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 1.19 (1.13–1.25) | | 13 | rs4607103 (C) [109] | ADAMTS9-AS2 | 3p14.1 | EUR | | 0.76 | 0.81 | 0.56 | 0.48 | 0.71 | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | | 14 | rs831571 (C) [127] | PSMD6-PRICKLE2-AS1 | 3p14.1 | EA | | 0.61 | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | | 15 | rs11708067 (A) [155] | ADCY5 | 3q21.1 | EUR | | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.99 | 0.77 | 0.89 | NR | | 16 | rs11920090 (T) [155] | SLC2A2 | 3q26.2 | EUR | | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.98 | — | 0.68 | NR | | 17 | rs1470579 (C) [116] | IGF2BP2 | 3q27.2 | EUR | SA, EA, PS | NR | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.50 | 0.86 | 1.14 (1.09–1.19) | | 18 | rs6769511 (C) [114] | IGF2BP2 | 3q27.2 | EA | | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.50 | 0.84 | 1.23 (1.15–1.31) | | 19 | rs4402960 (T) [98] | IGF2BP2 | 3q27.2 | EUR | EA | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 1.14 (1.11–1.18) | | 20 | rs16861329 (G) [92] | ST6GAL1 | 3q27.3 | SA | | 0.75 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.76 | 0.94 | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | | 21 | rs1801214 (T) [116] | WFS1 | 4p16.1 | EUR | | NR | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | | 22 | rs4689388 (T) [115] | WFS1 | 4p16.1 | EUR | EUR | 0.57 | 0.67 | 0.97 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 1.16 (1.10–1.21) | | 23 | rs7656416 (C) [138] | CTBP1-AS1-MAEA | 4p16.3 | EA | | 0.68 | — | 0.70 | — | 0.90 | 1.15 (1.10–1.21) | | 24 | rs6815464 (C) [127] | MAEA | 4p16.3 | EA | | 0.58 | — | 0.52 | — | 0.92 | 1.13 (1.10–1.16) | | 25 | rs459193 (G) [131] | ANKRD55-MAP3K1 | 5q11.2 | EUR | | 0.70 | 0.78 | 0.51 | — | 0.64 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | | 26 | rs4457053 (G) [116] | ZBED3-AS1 | 5q13.3 | EUR | | NR | 0.26 | 0.04 | — | — | 1.08 (1.06–1.11) | | 27 | rs1535500 (T) [127] | KCNK16; KCNK17 | 6p21.2 | EA | | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.44 | — | 0.95 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | | 28 | rs9470794 (C) [127] | ZFAND3 | 6p21.2 | EA | | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 1.12 (1.08–1.16) | | 29 | rs10440833 (A) [116] | CDKAL1 | 6p22.3 | EUR | EUR | NR | 0.25 | 0.39 | — | 0.21 | 1.25 (1.20–1.31) | | 30 | rs4712523 (G) [144] | CDKAL1 | 6p22.3 | EA | EUR | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 0.24 | 0.68 | 1.27 (1.21–1.33) | | 31 | rs10946398 (C)[74] | CDKAL1 | 6p22.3 | EUR | | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.22 | 0.67 | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) | | 32 | rs6931514 (G) [109] | CDKAL1 | 6p22.3 | EUR | | NR | 0.28 | — | 0.22 | 0.22 | 1.25 (1.17–1.33) | | 33 | rs7754840 (C) [103] | CDKAL1 | 6p22.3 | EUR | EA | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.22 | 0.67 | 1.12 (1.08–1.16) | | 34 | rs7756992 (G) [170] | CDKAL1 | 6p22.3 | EUR | | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.50 | 0.24 | 0.58 | 1.20 (1.13–1.27) | | 35 | rs7766070 (A) [171] | CDKAL1 | 6p22.3 | EUR | | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.40 | — | 0.19 | 1.21 (1.14–1.28) | | 36 | rs1048886 (G) [124] | C6orf57 | 6q13 | SEA (I) | | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.34 | 1.54 (1.32–1.80) | | 37 | rs4607517 (A) [155] | GCK-YKT6 | 7p13 | EUR | | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.06 | NR | | 38 | rs849134 (A) [116] | JAZF1 | 7p15.1 | EUR | | NR | 0.54 | 0.81 | — | 0.77 | 1.13 (1.09–1.18) | | 39 | rs864745 (T) [109] | JAZF1 | 7p15.1 | EUR | | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | | 40 | rs2191349 (T) [155] | DGKB-AGMO | 7p21.2 | EUR | | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.71 | — | 0.58 | NR | | 41 | rs10229583 (G) [172] | FSCN3-PAX4 | 7q32 | EA | | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.82 | 0.66 | 0.72 | 1.14 (1.09–1.19) | | 42 | rs6467136 (G) [127] | ZNF800-GCC1 | 7q32.1 | EA | | 0.79 | 0.50 | 0.76 | 0.57 | 0.75 | 1.11 (1.07–1.14) | | 43 | rs972283 (G) [116] | KLF14-MIR29A | 7q32.3 | EUR | | NR | 0.55 | 0.67 | — | 0.94 | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | | 44 | rs516946 (C) [131] | ANK1 | 8p11.21 | EUR | | 0.76 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | | 45 | rs515071 (G) [138] | ANK1; MIR486 | 8p11.21 | EA | | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 1.18 (1.12–1.25) | | 46 | rs896854 (T) [116] | TP53INP1 | 8q22.1 | EUR | | NR | 0.44 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.75 | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) | | 47 | rs3802177 (G) [116] | SLC30A8 | 8q24.11 | EUR | | NR | 0.76 | 0.53 | 0.78 | 0.94 | 1.15 (1.10–1.21) | | 48 | rs11558471 (A) [155] | SLC30A8 | 8q24.11 | EUR | | 0.31 | 0.75 | 0.53 | 0.78 | 0.94 | NR | | 49 | rs13266634 (C) [144] | SLC30A8 | 8q24.11 | EUR | EA | 0.57 | 0.76 | 0.53 | 0.78 | 0.94 | 1.22 (1.16–1.28) | | 50 | rs10965250 (G) [116] | CDKN2B-AS1-DMRTA1 | 9p21.3 | EUR | EUR | NR | 0.80 | 0.58 | — | 1.00 | 1.20 (1.13–1.27) | | 51 | rs1333051 (A) [149] | CDKN2B-AS1-DMRTA1 | 9p21.3 | HIS | | NR | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 1.22 (1.15–1.30) | | 52 | rs2383208 (A) [144] | CDKN2B-AS1-DMRTA1 | 9p21.3 | EA | EA, SA | 0.55 | 0.79 | 0.59 | 0.91 | 0.87 | 1.34 (1.27–1.41) | | 53 | rs10811661 (T) [98] | CDKN2B-AS1-DMRTA1 | 9p21.3 | EUR | | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.56 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 1.20 (1.14–1.25) | | 54 | rs7018475 (G) [173]* | CDKN2B-AS1-DMRTA1 | 9p21.3 | EUR | | NR | 0.27 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.22 | 1.35 (1.18–1.56) | | 55 | rs17584499 (T) [117] | PTPRD | 9p24.1 | EA | | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 1.57 (1.36–1.82) | | 56 | rs10814916 (C) [146] | GLIS3 | 9p24.2 | EA | | 0.44 | 0.57 | 0.45 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) | | 57 | rs7041847 (A) [127] | GLIS3 | 9p24.2 | EA | | 0.41 | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.65 | 0.96 | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | | 58 | rs7034200 (A) [155] | GLIS3 | 9p24.2 | EUR | | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.30 | — | 0.60 | NR | | 59 | rs13292136 (C) [116] | KRT18P24-CHCHD2P9 | 9q21.31 | EUR | EUR | NR | 0.93 | 0.91 | — | 0.90 | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) | | 60 | rs2796441 (G) [131] | TLE1-FAM75D5 | 9q21.32 | EUR | | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.90 | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | | 61 | rs10906115 (A) [120] | CDC123-MIR4480 | 10p13 | EA | | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.58 | 0.76 | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | | 62 | rs11257655 (T) [146] | CDC123-MIR4480 | 10p13 | EA | | 0.56 | 0.26 | 0.58 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 1.15 (1.10–1.20) | | 63 | rs12779790 (G) [109] | CDC123-MIR4480 | 10p13 | EUR | | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.13 | — | 0.05 | 1.11 (1.07–1.14) | | 64 | rs1802295 (A) [92] | VPS26A | 10q22.1 | SA | | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0 | 1.08 (1.05–1.12) | | 65 | rs12571751 (A) [131] | ZMIZ1 | 10q22.3 | EUR | | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | | 66 | rs1111875 (C) [98] | HHEX-EXOC6 | 10q23.33 | EUR | EA | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 0.88 | 1.13 (1.09–1.17) | | 67 | rs5015480 (C) [171] | HHEX-EXOC6 | 10q23.33 | EUR | EA | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.21 | 0.44 | 0.64 | 1.18 (1.11–1.23) | | 68 | rs10885122 (G) [155] | ADRA2A-BTBD7P2 | 10q25.2 | EUR | | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.92 | — | 0.21 | NR | | 69 | rs4506565 (T) [104] | TCF7L2 | 10q25.2 | EUR | | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 1.36 (1.20–1.54) | | 70 | rs7901695 (C) [74] | TCF7L2 | 10q25.2 | EUR | | NR | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.46 | 1.37 (1.31–1.43) | | 71 | rs7903146 (T) [116] | TCF7L2 | 10q25.2 | EUR | EA, SA, AA | NR | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 1.40 (1.34–1.46) | | 72 | rs10886471 (C) [146] | GRK5 | 10q26.11 | EA | | 0.78 | 0.48 | 0.80 | 0.65 | 0.90 | 1.12 (1.08–1.16) | | 73 | rs11605924 (A) [155] | CRY2 | 11p11.2 | EUR | | 0.49 | 0.13 | 0.70 | 0.12 | 0.94 | NR | | 74 | rs7944584 (A) [155] | MADD | 11p11.2 | EUR | | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.96 | 0.78 | 1.00 | NR | | 75 | rs5215 (C) [74] | KCNJ11 | 11p15.1 | EUR | | NR | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.4 | 0.01 | 1.14 (1.10–1.19) | | 76 | rs5219 (T) [98] | KCNJ11 | 11p15.1 | EUR | | 0.46 | — | — | — | — | 1.14 (1.10–1.19) | | 77 | rs163182 (C) [145] | KCNQ1 | 11p15.4 | EA | | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.37 | — | 0.25 | 1.28 (NR) | | 78 | rs2237895 (C) [117] | KCNQ1 | 11p15.4 | EA | | 0.33 | — | — | — | — | 1.29 (1.19–1.40) | | 79 | rs2237892 (C) [113] | KCNQ1 | 11p15.4 | EA | HIS, EA | 0.61 | 0.92 | 0.67 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 1.40 (1.34–1.47) | | 80 | rs2237897 (C) [114] | KCNQ1 | 11p15.4 | EA | | 0.34 | 0.95 | — | — | — | 1.33 (1.24–1.41) | | 81 | rs231362 (G) [116] | KCNQ1; KCNQ1OT1 | 11p15.5 | EUR | | NR | 0.52 | 0.84 | — | 0.86 | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | | 82 | rs174550 (T) [155] | FADS1 | 11q12.2 | EUR | | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.66 | — | 0.98 | NR | | 83 | rs1552224 (A) [116] | ARAP1 | 11q13.4 | EUR | | NR | 0.87 | 0.91 | 0.76 | 1.00 | 1.14 (1.11–1.17) | | 84 | rs1387153 (T) [116] | FAT3-MTNR1B | 11q14.3 | EUR | EUR | NR | 0.27 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 1.09 (1.06–1.11) | | 85 | rs10830963 (G) [155] | MTNR1B | 11q14.3 | EUR | | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.39 | — | 0.04 | NR | | 86 | rs10842994 (C) [131] | KLHDC5 | 12p11.22 | EUR | | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.10 (1.06–1.13) | | 87 | rs1531343 (C) [116] | RPSAP52 | 12q14.3 | EUR | | NR | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.40 | 1.10 (1.07–1.14) | | 88 | rs7961581 (C) [109] | TSPAN8-LGR5 | 12q21.1 | EUR | | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.35 | 0.18 | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | | 89 | rs35767 (G) [155] | IGF1 | 12q23.2 | EUR | | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.65 | 0.71 | 0.55 | NR | | 90 | rs7957197 (T) [116] | OASL | 12q24.31 | EUR | | NR | 0.85 | 1.00 | — | 0.86 | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | | 91 | rs7305618 (C) [149] | RPL12P33-HNF1A-AS1 | 12q24.31 | HIS | | NR | 0.80 | 0.44 | 0.75 | 0.56 | 1.14 (1.09–1.20) | | 92 | rs9552911 (G) [152] | SGCG | 13q12.12 | PS | PS | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.86 | 1.00 | 1.49 (1.30–1.72) | | 93 | rs1359790 (G) [120] | NDFIP2-SPRY2 | 13q31.1 | EA | | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.69 | 0.84 | 0.92 | 1.15 (1.10–1.20) | | 94 | rs7403531 (T) [146] | RASGRP1 | 15q14 | EA | | 0.35 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 1.10 (1.06–1.13) | | 95 | rs7172432 (A) [119] | C2CD4A-C2CD4B | 15q22.2 | EA | | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.27 | 1.11 (1.08–1.14) | | 96 | rs11071657 (A) [155] | C2CD4A-C2CD4B | 15q22.2 | EUR | | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.69 | — | 0.94 | NR | | 97 | rs7178572 (G) [92] | HMG20A | 15q24.3 | SA | EUR | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.40 | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | | 98 | rs7177055 (A) [131] | HMG20A-LINGO1 | 15q24.3 | EUR | | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.24 | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | | 99 | rs11634397 (G) [116] | ZFAND6-FAH | 15q25.1 | EUR | EUR | NR | 0.64 | 0.08 | 0.55 | 0.41 | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | | 100 | rs2028299 (C) [92] | AP3S2; C15orf38-AP3S2 | 15q26.1 | SA | | 0.31 | 0.73 | 0.12 | 0.78 | 0.40 | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | | 101 | rs8042680 (A) [116] | PRC1; LOC100507118 | 15q26.1 | EUR | | NR | 0.26 | 1.00 | 0.59 | 0.98 | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | | 102 | rs11642841 (A) [116] | FTO | 16q12.2 | EUR | EUR | NR | 0.47 | 0.06 | — | 0.04 | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | | 103 | rs8050136 (A) [98] | FTO | 16q12.2 | EUR | SA | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.45 | 1.17 (1.12–1.22) | | 104 | rs9939609 (A) [171] | FTO | 16q12.2 | EUR | | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.50 | 1.25 (1.19–1.30) | | 105 |
rs7202877 (T) [131] | CTRB2-CTRB1 | 16q23.1 | EUR | | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.80 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 1.12 (1.07–1.16) | | 106 | rs391300 (G) [117] | SRR | 17p13.3 | EA | | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.48 | 0.42 | 1.28 (1.18–1.39) | | 107 | rs4430796 (G) [146] | HNF1B | 17q12 | EUR | EA | 0.28 | 0.51 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.66 | 1.19 (1.13–1.25) | | 108 | rs8090011 (G) [171] | LAMA1 | 18p11.31 | EUR | | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.72 | — | 0.79 | 1.13 (1.09–1.18) | | 109 | rs12970134 (A) [131] | MC4R | 18q21.32 | EUR | | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | | 110 | rs3786897 (A) [127] | PEPD | 19q13.11 | EA | | 0.56 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.81 | 0.40 | 1.10 (1.07–1.14) | | 111 | rs6017317 (G) [127] | FITM2-R3HDML | 20q13.12 | EA | | 0.48 | 0.18 | 0.41 | — | 0.59 | 1.09 (1.07–1.12) | | 112 | rs4812829 (A) [92] | HNF4A | 20q13.12 | SA | | 0.29 | 0.16 | 0.45 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | | 113 | rs12010175 (G) [146] | FAM58A | Xq28 | EA | | 0.79 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 1.21 (1.14–1.28) | | 114 | rs5945326 (A) [116] | KRT18P48-DUSP9 | Xq28 | EUR | EA | NR | 0.78 | 0.66 | — | 0.84 | 1.27 (1.18–1.37) | |
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Risk Allele and RAF not reported, but chosen based on minor allele frequency (MAF) in the population mentioned in the original publication.
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