Improvement in Depressive Symptoms Is Associated with Reduced Oxidative Damage and Inflammatory Response in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Subsyndromal Depression: The Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Psychoeducation, Physical Exercise, and Enhanced Treatment as Usual
Table 2
Baseline characteristics of participants by the intervention groups ().
Psychoeducation
Physical exercise
Enhanced treatment as usual
Sig.
74
66
69
Age (yrs.)
57.7 (6.2)
58.5 (4.8)
58.2 (5.6)
0.648
Female ()
40
37
36
0.867
Education (yrs.)
12.6 (2.4)
12.4 (2.3)
12.2 (2.5)
0.623
Professional status (% employed)
30
27
30
0.502
Economic status (% poor)
13
12
13
0.317
Family status (% married/cohabitating)
76
72
76
0.488
Insulin use (%)
32
29
32
0.695
OHA use (%)
56
57
53
0.664
Insulin + OHA use (%)
12
14
15
0.632
Statin use (%)
68
71
71
0.786
HbA1c (%)
7.4 (1.2)
7.2 (1.1)
7.2 (1.1)
0.384
HbA1c (mmol/mol)
58 (13)
56 (13)
55 (11)
0.442
Body mass index kg/m2
30.64 (4.54)
29.44 (4.67)
29.96 (4.39)
0.297
Depressive symptoms (CES-D score)
19.7 (9.1)
20.5 (8.6)
19.7 (8.7)
0.813
Data are means (SD) or percentages. Sig.: significance. One-way ANOVA or as appropriate. OHA = oral hypoglycemic agents.
