Involvement of the Androgen and Glucocorticoid Receptors in Bladder Cancer

Figure 1

Activation of the androgen receptor leads to inflammation. Activation by androgens causes translocation of AR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and release of HSP90 chaperone proteins. The AR then binds to androgen-response elements (ARE) in the promoter region of genes resulting in an increase or suppression. TNFα and VEGF are two genes that contain AREs in their promoter and are activated by AR to increase inflammatory signals.