Altered Daytime Fluctuation Pattern of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Strong Association with Persistently Elevated Plasma Insulin, Increased Insulin Resistance, and Abdominal Obesity

Table 2

Metabolic and anthropometric parameters.

Variables	Group A	Group B	Group C	Group D	-trend ANOVA
	T2D+ CAD+	T2D+ CAD−	T2D− CAD +	Controls
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	8.5 ± 2.	9.2 ± 2.3	5.2 ± 0.6	5.0 ± 0.9	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	7.6 ± 1.2	8.2 ± 1.5	5.3 ± 0.6	5.1 ± 0.6	<0.001
Fasting insulin (mU/L)	22.97 ± 2.99	13.29 ± 1.72^a	13.19 ± 1.30	10.12 ± 3.88^b	0.018
HOMA-IR	9.3 ± 1.9	5.6 ± 1.0^a	3.1 ± 1.2	2.2 ± 0.8^b	0.043
Total chol (mmol/L)	6.6 ± 1.1	6.6 ± 0.9	7.1 ± 1.2	6.2 ± 0.9	0.262
HDL-chol (mmol/L)	1.15 ± 0.38	1.39 ± 0.50	1.25 ± 0.37	1.56 ± 0.30^b	0.023
LDL-chol (mmol/L)	4.3 ± 1.0	3.8 ± 1.0	4.8 ± 0.9	3.9 ± 0.9	0.127
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	2.26 ± 1.12	2.97 ± 1.20	1.91 ± 0.81	1.52 ± 0.52	0.010
PAI-1 (U/mL)	5.58 ± 1.48	3.83 ± 1.03^a	4.34 ± 0.82	2.68 ± 0.63^b	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.5 ± 2.9	28.3 ± 4.7	27.2 ± 3.2	25.6 ± 3.6	0.116
WHR	0.97 ± 0.07	0.94 ± 0.08^a	0.95 ± 0.06	0.83 ± 0.08^b	<0.001

Data are expressed as mean ± SD; T2D: type 2 diabetes; CAD: coronary artery disease; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model for insulin resistance; chol: cholesterol; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio.
^aGroup A versus group B: < 0.05 for fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and WHR; < 0.01 for PAI-1 (post hoc comparisons using Bonferroni test).
^bGroup C versus group D: < 0.05 for fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, HDL-chol and PAI-1; < 0.001 for WHR (post hoc comparisons using Bonferroni test).